The archaeological investigation of a
hexagonal feature at Star Hill, Bridge,
near Canterbury, Kent.

2003-6

The Kent Archaeological Field School
Director, Paul Wilkinson, PhD., FRSA.,  MIFA.
School Farm Oast, Graveney Road, Faversham, Kent, ME13 SUP
Telephone 01795 532548
Website www.l<afs.co.uk E—mail info@kafs.co.ul<


Contents

1. Summary ...................................................................................................................................... ..page 3.

2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. ..page 5.
2.] Project Background

3. Aims & Objectives ....................................................................................................................... ..page 6.

4. Methodology ........................................................................  ............................................. ..page 7.
4. 1 Archaeological Excavation
4. 2. Project Constraints

5. The Archaeological & Historical Background ............................................................................. ..page 9.

5. 1. Archaeological Evaluation

5.2. Previous Archaeological Assessments within the Area
5.3. Archaeological Sites & Monuments Records

5. 4. Documentary Evidence

5. 5. Geology and Topography

6. Review of the Archaeological Fieldwork ................................................................................... ..page l4.

6. I. Stratigraphical Deposit Model (SDM)

6.2. Area 1, 6.3. Area 2, 6.4. Area 3, 6.5. Area 4.
6.6. The 2003 investigation

6. 7. The 2004 investigation

6.8. The 2005 investigation

6. 9. The Roman road investigation

7. Archaeological Narrative ............................................................................................................ ..page 20.

7. 1. Phase 1- Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age. 7.2. Phase 2-Late Bronze/Early Iron Age. 7. 3. Phase 3-
Late Iron Age/Early Roman. 7.4. Phase 4—Mid Roman. 7.5. Phase 5—Early/MidAnglo-Saxon.
7.6. Phase 6 Late Post—Medieval.

8. The hexagonal feature ................................................................................................................ ..page 24.

9. Archaeological Finds .................................................................................................................. ..page 27.

9.]. Treasure finds. 9.2. Coins. 9.3. Disc-pendant. 9. 4. Lithic assemblage. 9.5. Ceramic assemblage.
9.6. Environmental evidence. 9.7. Grave goods,. 9.8. Human and animal bones. 9.9. The Site Archive.

10. Recommendations for further archaeological assessment ....................................................... ..page 29.

10.]. Statement of potential
I 0. 2. Preparation of full report & publication
10.3. Conclusions

ll. References ................................................................................................................................ ..page 30.

Appendix I. Graves & Grave Goods, Small Finds Recording Forms.
Appendix II. Aerial photographs/ Map.

Appendix III. Ceramic Assessment, Nigel MacPherson—Grant
Appendix II/. Lithic Assessment, Chris Butler.

Appendix V Research & Project Design, Paul Wilkinson

Appendix VI. Figures.

Appendix VII. Small Finds Recording Sheets.

Appendix [Di Project constraints/letters.


List

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.

of Figures

. Aerial photograph of the hexagonal feature.

. Aerial photograph of the hexagonal feature.

. Students lg/jling in Graves 3 & 4.

. Student laying in Grave 7.

. Map prdduced in 1887 by the Rev. F. Vine.

. 20th century OS map of Bridge.

. Vertical Aerial photograph of Bridge

. 2005 view of the exposed hexagonal feature ditch.
2005 View of the exposed hexagonal feature ditch.

SMR map of Star Hill.

Photograph showing graves cutting into the fill.
Photograph showing graves cutting into the fill.
View of stripped Area 1.

Stripping reveals graves in Area 1.

Excavation of the hexagonal feature.
Anglo-Saxon cremation urn revealed.

2005 View of excavated Anglo-Saxon graves 5,,
Gold scutiform disc pendant in situ.

Split-post palisade fence/ditch.

Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age post hole.
Students recording features.

Students drawing of 7th century pot.

Grave Twith inhurnation in situ.

Vertical aerial photograph of Star Hill, Bridge.
Euclid’s diagram of the regular hexagon.
Sacred polygonal features.

Grave 1.

Grave 2.

Grave 3.

Grave 4.

. Grave 5.

Grave 6.
Grave 7.
Grave 8.
Grave 9.
Grave 10.
Grave 11.

Fig. 38. Ortho-rectified aerial photograph of Star Hill.
Fig. 39. Ortho-rectified aerial photograph of Star Hill.
Fig. 40. Map of Bridge dated 1887. s ~
Fig. 41. Trench location plan.  
Fig. 42. Plan of the site showing plough damage.

Fig. 43. Plan and Area indcx.

Fig. 44. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 45. Area 1. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 46. Area 2. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 47. Area 3. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 48. Area 4. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 49. Area 1. Phases 5A—C.

Fig. 50. Area 2. Phases SA-C.

Fig. 51. Area 3. Phases 5A-C.

Fig. 52. Area 4. Phases 5A-C.

Fig. 53. A3 plan. Phases 1-4.

Fig. 54. A3 plan. Phases SA-C.

Fig, 55. Areas of 2003-2005 investigation.

Fig. 56. Area of 2005 investigation.

Fig. 57. Sections from 2005 investigation

Fig. 58. Overall site plan (A3). a».

Fig. 59-78. Plans and Sections. 1210, 1:20.

Fig. 79. Artefacts from Grave 1. SFl61, SF 144, SFl60. 9"“

 


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l.Summa:ry 5 ‘i “is

In 2003 the Kent Archaeological Field School (KAFS) was invited by the Bridge Society to

‘ investigate a crop—mark on top of Star Hill in the shape of a hexagon (Fig. 1). The NMR Monument Report

(2003) summarises the feature as an: ‘Hexagonal feature with dark centre seen on air photograph,
possibly a World War II installation ’. Other archaeologists are emphatic it is a garden feature associated
with 18th century landscaping of Bourne Park in which the site is located (Paul Bennett pers. comm. ).

Subsequently each Easter from 2004 to 2006 (Fig. 55) the KAFS carried out a Programme ofAssessment
and Archaeological Excavation on this area of densely crop—marked land at Star Hill, Bridge, near
Canterbury, Kent. The site centre is taken as NGR 618800 I 53 600.

The land is currently in the ownership of V Mcdonald of Hardres Court Farm and is under pasture. Aerial
photographs (Figs. 1, 7, 38, 39) show that the Scheduled Monument burial mounds (KE 7]) to the east of
the area of investigation by the KAFS had been destroyed by ploughing (Fig. 42). With a possible future
change of ownership there could be plans to change the farming regime back from pasture to plough with
the consequential further loss of buried archaeology. *

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Research by the KAFS prior to field work had discovered a 1  map in-aback by the Rev. Vine 5<*5““"“‘  ‘R 
called’*“Caesar in Kent’. Vine thought the hexagonal feature was a small Roman fort (Fig. 5, 40), one of two
in the grounds of Bourne Park (Vine 1887). .9

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Figs. 1, 2. Aerial photographs of the
hexagonal feature on Star Hill, Bridge. The
photograph above looks towards Canterbury
and shows the village of Bridge with the
Roman Watling Street running through it.
The photograph (left) shows the area of
investigation (study area) by the KAFS in
2005 (blue box) and 2006 (red box). Both
areas are to the east of the hexagon. To the
lefi (green arrow) can be seen many more
ring ditches of Anglo—Saxon inhumations. An
estimate of the number of burials in this part
of Star Hill is Well over 1000.


An ideal opportunity had therefore arisen to carry out an archaeological training excavation on a crop-
mark considered to be either a feature of the Park or built as a military installation during World War II.
The initial investigation carried out during May Bank Holiday in 2003 by the KAFS of two points of the
hexagonal ditched enclosure enabled the students to find the centre of the hexagon where stripping of the
turf revealed a circular pit, about three metres in diameter cut into the chalk. The pit had been pillaged
some time in the past but sherds of Late Iron Age pottery and Medieval pottery suggest a cremation
deposit of Late Iron Age/ Early Roman period plundered during the Medieval or Antiquarian period.
Further stripping of the topsoil in 2004 within the perimeter of the hexagon failed to find any tree-

T planting pits, indeed the onbz features revealed were a number of prehistoric post-holes and rubbish pits

dug into the chalk during the First and Second World Wars (Fig. 55).

In 2005 further work was undertaken on the south side of the hexagon where almost immediately an
east—west orientated grave cut into the chalk was revealed with a number of 7th century Anglo—Saxon
coins exposed in the disturbed fill. Investigation revealed a possible family group of 12 graves orientated
to the hexagon feature with Graves 3, 4, 4a, and 7 cutting the fill of the hexagon feature ditch (Fig. 56).
The graves were an obvious target for treasure hunters and full excavation proceeded with the
appropriate Burial Licence obtained. Most of the graves contained artefacts that were Treasure Trove
and include a gold pendant, glass palm cup, F rankish pottery vessels, beads, buckles, spears, knives,
cowrie shells, loom weights and over 60 silver Anglo—Saxon coins dating to AD680-690 (Appendix 1).
Worked flint and Iron Age pottery sherds were also retrieved by sieving the topsoil within the excavated
area. The worked flint is the subject of a specialist report which dates the assemblage to the Neolithic
and suggests that stone tool manufacture was taking place on site (Hardaker 2005 pers corres).

The constant retrieval of scattered flesh Iron-age pottery sherds throughout the site did suggest that
Iron-Age occupation was a possible feature of the site and investigation of this aspect should form part
of the revised 2006 Research Design (Appendix V).

As a result in 2006 further investigation comprising an area excavation of a 50 metre strip was

undertaken to the east of the hexagon (Fig. 58). The results were spectacular. Over 90 Anglo—S'axon
inhumation graves cut into the chalk were revealed overl 'ying 5th century Anglo—Saxon cremation 3‘;
deposits which in turn overlafllron-Age cremations, post-holes, rubbish pits, stake holes, ditches, and y
hut platforms which in turn overlaid Bronze Age and earlier features (Fig. 13, I 4, 53, 54).  y
The date of the hexagonal ditched enclosure has now been firmly established as pre-Anglo-Saxon as no 5
fewer than seven Anglo—Saxon inhumations cut into the fill of the ditch (Fig. 23, 56). However no

conclusive dating evidence was forthcoming from the fill ofthe ditch and it can only be assumed that the
hexagonal feature was short-lived, and is of a Roman date. '

7>

9A

   
 

Figs. 3, 4. The picture to the left shows students
wing in Graves 3 & 4. The double ditch hexag0- :7}
nal feature can clearly be seen as can Grave 4

cutting into the fill of the earlier feature. Above

can be seen Grave 7 which on excavation revealed

a complete skeleton with grave goods. The grave

had been cut into the fill of the hexagonal feature
double ditch (Fig. 23, 56). 4


2. Introduction

2.1 Project Background

In 2003 the KAFS was invited by the Bridge Historical Society to investigate a crop—mark on top of
Star Hill in the shape of a hexagon. The NMR Monument Report summarises the feature as:
‘Hexagonal feature with dark centre seen on air photo, possibly a World War II military installation’. W
However, research by the KAFS had uncovered a 19th century map by the Rev. Vine in ‘Caesar in '
Kent’ which shows the hexagon feature. Vine thought it was a small Roman fort, one of two in the
grounds of Bourne Park (Fig. 40).

An ideal opportunity had therefore arisen to carry out an archaeological training excavation on a crop
mark considered at the  best to be a feature associated with the landscaping of Bourne Park or “'
either built as a military installation during World War ll. Permission was given initially by the owner fl
of the land, Colonel ,.Neame, and on his death by V. Mcdonald of Hardres Court Farm. The (3. <lt.L »  
investigation was conducted under the direction of Dr Paul Wilkinson (KAFS) between Easter 2003

and 2006 in accordance with requirements set out in a Project Design (Appendix V) and in discussion

 

with Dr Maurice Raraty of the Bridge Historical Society. The archaeological investigation, carried out  ~17

by KAFS revealed the presence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon
features within the extent of the study area (Fig. 53, 54). As a result of this work English Heritage
intended to extend the existing Scheduled Area into the area of investigation. Further mitigation
measures were considered necessary, and it was agreed with English Heritage early in 2006 that:
“Further work by you (KAFS) would assist in helping us define the precise area which should be
covered by the new designation. This will in eflect involve the extension of the existing scheduled
monument KE71 which currently covers a linear area alongside the road.

It is clear that the current scheduled area, and that which is exposed through your excavation is
part of a complex multi period site which could be quite extensive. The aerial photographs clearly
shows a number of features including some ploughed out barrows and the hexagonal features one of
which you partially excavated last year. The position of the current (KAFS) excavation area was
located so as to elucidate the relationship between the hexagonal feature and a number of burials
which is a cause for some debate ” (English Heritage pers comm. 2006).

The programme of works agreed with English Heritage in 2006 was aimed to preserve the material
remains of the Anglo-Saxon graves found in KAFS’s investigation, and to preserve, by record,
some of the archaeological features present within the extent of the study area.

  
       
     

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» ;~;.m:;=s ‘ Figs. 5, 6. The map by the Rev. F. Vine (left
& Fig. 40) shows two hexagonal features,
one on Star Hill and the other to the south-
east. The map was published in 1887.
Above a 20th century 08 map shows the
burial mounds adjacent to the hexagonal

feature on Star Hill.

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3. Aims and Objectives

Following on from the initial stages of evaluation work in 2003-5, suitable mitigation measures were
proposed by the KAFS for the 2006 campaign and agreed with English Heritage. The preferable
option for English Heritage of the important archaeological remains at Star Hill was preservation in
situ as set out in PPG 16:

‘Archaeological remains should be seen as a finite, and non-renewable resource, in many cases highly
fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction. Appropriate management is therefore essential to
ensure they survive in good condition. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that archaeological
remains are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed. ’ (Para A6)

However, the KAFS agreed in principal that the Anglo-Saxon graves should only be recorded and not
excavated but sample excavation should take place on other features already exposed in the initial strip
and map exercise (F ig.13). In undertaking this archaeological work the principles set out by the
Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) were adhered to. The IFA defines an excavation as being:

‘...a programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with defined research objectives which examines,
records and interprets archaeological deposits, features and structures and, as appropriate, retrieves
artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area or site on land, inter-tidal zone or under -
water: The records made and objects gathered during fieldwork are studied and that results of that
study published in detail appropriate to that design’ (IFA 1999b:2).

The aims of this archaeological investigation and excavation were therefore (not exclusively):

1. To understand the character, form, function and date of any archaeological remains apart from
Anglo-Saxon graves in the study area. The work should include analysis of the spatial organisation of
activities on the site during the prehistoric, Iron Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon periods through
examination of the distribution of features, artefactual and environmental assemblages.

2. To assist in the understanding of the archaeological occupation of Star Hill through examination of
the date, form and character of the study area in the context of its topographical position and that of
other similarly dated findings within the area and beyond.

3. To elucidate the relationship between the hexagonal feature and the Anglo-Saxon burials and other
features so that the relationship could be clearly resolved.

4. To undertake a Level 3 topographical survey of Star Hill including that which is currently scheduled
which would provide a positive contribution to the proposed scheduling process.

3',

 

Fig. 7. A vertical aerial
photograph taken on 12th
January 1946 by the RAF
(Film No. 4085

1069/UK/1112). It shows
the surviving round
barrows (blue arrow). The
hexagonal feature (green
arrow), and a large formal
}8vt’li century garden (red
‘“arrow). Also shown are
relict field systems,
droveways and the dry
river bed of the stream
called the Nailbourne.


4. Methodology

4.1 Archaeological Excavation

Excavation in 2006 was carried out using a 360° mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless ditching
bucket, removing the overburden to the top of the first recognisable archaeological horizon, under the
constant supervision of an experienced archaeologist. Exposed surfaces were subsequently hand-
cleaned to reveal features in plan and carefully selected cross—sections through the features were
excavated to enable sufficient information about form, development date and stratigraphic relation-
ships to be recorded without prejudice to more extensive investigations, should these prove to be
necessary. All archaeological work was carried out in accordance with the updated Method Statement
(Appendix V).

The KAFS single context recording system was used to record the deposits. A filll list will be provided
in the final report. Layers and fills are recorded (100). The cut of the feature is shown [I00]. Context
numbers were assigned to all deposits for recording purposes and detailed on pro-fomia KAFS context
sheets. Plans of all features were made using a scale of l:20, with sections recorded at 1:10. A full
photographic record of all stages of the excavation was kept, which included working shots showing
working constraints and conditions.

Upon completion of mechanical excavation, a 10m grid was established and a pre—excavation plan
generated using global positioning satellite (GPS) technology recording three dimensional points every
0.10m. For ease of reference the site was subsequently divided into 4 distinct areas.

Table 1 provides an area by area summary of the site at Star Hill, as well as detailing the frequency of
archaeological features encountered and investigated.

Archaeological features
Area Location (Fig 43) Total Investigated In situ Excavated
A (No_) (No,) (Approx %)
Area l Eastern area/2006 73 15 58 12%
Area 2 Central area/2006 87 27 60 30%
Area 3 Western area/2006 Sl 19 32 30%
Area 4 South-West area/2006 27 19 3 74%
Previous Hexagonal feature areas/2003-5 l 8 1 8 0 100%
work

Table 1. Location and frequency of archaeological features encountered (Note: Linear features have been included, where
present, within individual areas)

7


4.2. Project Constraints

Constraints were associated with this project for the 2006 season. A concentrated campaign of
interference and physical intimidation was orchestrated by various individuals once gold and silver
treasure had been retrieved from the site. It is especially sad to record that two of Kents leading
archaeologists, Brian Philp and Paul Bennett, saw fit to spread innuendo about the quality of work
being undertaken and the viability of the project. A written complaint was made by Paul Bennett,
Director of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, to the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA), which
on investigation by the IFA was not upheld. However it is probably best to quote direct from Dr
Maurice Raraty of the Bridge Historical Society who unfortunately had to deal with most of the mail
and telephone calls:

 because of an orchestrated campaign, which I believe to have been quite unwarranted, of discredit
and disinformation, by some who for their own reasons did not want these questions to be answered
This campaign has been inimical to the unprejudiced pursuit of knowledge, to any spirit of open-minded
enquiry, and a negation of everything that a History Society should stand for. I for one am profoundly
disappointed and saddened by its outcome. ’ (Appendix IIX).

The table below itemises the stages of constraints on the project.

26th Feb 2006 Letters written to the Editor of the Kentish Gazette, and the Archbishops of Canterbury and
York by Michael Stewart “suggesting the excavation should be stopped immediately”.

Ist March 2006 Sian Napier, Senior Reporter, Kentish Gazette, decides in consultation with the Editor not to
run a story based on Michael Stewaits letter of 26th February 2006.

5th March 2006 Michael Stewart circulates a mailer to the residents of Bridge suggesting the investigation by
the KAFS is “an invitation to a treasure hunt” and asks the Bridge Parish Council to pass a
resolution to the effect that “ The Council condemns the exhumation of any further graves
from the Anglo—Saxon Cemetery on Star Hill, Bridge, and calls on English Heritage to see the
site is Scheduled immediately and work ceases forthwit ” (Appendix IIX).

18th March 2006 Paul Bennett of Canterbury Archaeological Trust with members of staff and friends attends
the Bridge Parish meeting and requests the investigation by the KAFS be stopped
immediately. The next day Paul Bennett is telephoned by Paul Wilkinson, Director of KAF S
and an invitation offered to visit the site, check the site recording and level of expertise and
discuss any issues. Paul Bennett does not visit, but writes a letter of complaint to the Institute
of Field Archaeologists (IFA).

19th March 2006 Brian Philp contacts the newspapers, the landowners and the Bridge Historical Society in an
attempt to persuade them to stop the dig.

10-2031 March Numerous intrusive visits made by Michael Stewart and his supporters to the site which is on
2006 private property. Letters for and against start to appear in the Kentish Gazette.

20:11 March 2005 A meeting is held with Inspectors of English Heritage who explain they have received 18
requests to schedule the site overnight. They decline to do so and formulate a programme of
archaeological work which is acceptable to English Heritage.

22nd June 2006 Letters in the Kentish Gazette start to support the investigation by the KAFS. Typical are
“I was shocked to read that archaeologists have been made to stop work at a dig in Bridge by
some obscurantist pressure group”.

Table 2. Constraints on the project.


5. Archaeological & Historical Background

5.1. Archaeological Evaluation

The study area has been the subject of archaeological evaluation by the KAFS (Site Codes B03, 5,
BR04, 05, 06) during campaigns undertaken in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Excavation took place in 2006.
During May Bank Holiday in 2003 investigation by the KAFS of three points of the hexagon enabled
the students to find the centre of the hexagon where stripping of the turf and subsoil revealed a circular
pit, about three metres in diameter cut into the chalk. The pit had been pillaged some time in the past
but sherds of Late Iron Age pottery and Medieval pottery may suggest a cremation pit of Late Iron Age/
Early Roman period plundered during the Medieval period (Figs. 55, 56, 58).

The hexagon was seen to have been cut as a decorative feature With the sides curved and terraced,
(Figs. 8, 9, 55). The fill comprised chalk granules and larger pieces of chalk mixed with some soil.
There was no evidence remaining of an internal bank that can be seen in some air photographs. The
internal measurement of the hexagon sides was 15m 40cm (50ft 7") in length (Fig. 55). It is of interest
that the hexagon was built to Roman measurements, the length of the internal sides at l5.40m is 50pM
(Roman feet, the Roman pes Monetalis of 296mm length).

Further stripping of the topsoil in 2004 Within the perimeter of the hexagon failed to find any tree-
planting pits, indeed the only features revealed were a number of prehistoric post-holes, together with
rubbish pits dug into the chalk during the First and Second World Wars (Fig. 55).

In 2005 further Work was undertaken on the south side of the hexagon where almost immediately an
east-west orientated grave cut into the chalk was revealed with a number of seventh century Anglo-
Saxon coins exposed in the disturbed fill. Further Work revealed a possible family group of 12 graves
orientated to the hexagon feature, with Graves 3, 4 and 4a cutting the fill of the hexagon feature ditch.

The graves were an obvious target for treasure hunters and full excavation proceeded with the (Fig. 56)
appropriate licence obtained. Most of the graves contained artefacts that were Treasure Trove and
included a gold pendant, glass palm cup, Frankish pottery vessels, beads, spears, knives, cowrie shells,
loom weights and over 60 silver coins (Appendix I).

 

Figs. 8, 9. The two pictures show the complexity of the
ditch of the hexagonal feature. The ditch has been
terraced (above, Trench A) into a monumental feature
whilst the 2005 excavation (lefi) revealed an even
more complex feature with a double ditch with

curved profiles. It seems, given the complexity of the
design, that the ditch was a feature designed to be seen
(Figs. 55, 56, 57).


 

 

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Worked flint and Iron Age pottery sherds were also retrieved by sieving the topsoil and subsoil within
the excavated area. The worked flint is the subject of a specialist report (see Appendix IV) which dates
the assemblage to the Neolithic and suggests that stone tool manufacture was taking place on site.

The constant retrieval of scattered fresh Iron-age pottery sherds throughout the site did suggest that
Iron-Age occupation was a possible feature of the site and investigation of this aspect would form part

of the 2006 Research Design (Appendix V).

The land at Star Hill has a complex mass of crop-marks revealed by air photographs (Figs. 38, 39).

They cover an area of approximately 5 hectares to the west of the A2 (Watling Street). The crop—marl<s

are reported in the RCHME Mapping Project No. 1077099 dated 01 October to 1986-01 October l987.
The crop-marks show a large number of ploughed-out round barrows sitting astride the course of the
Roman Watling Street within the Scheduled Monument area (Fig. 7) whilst to the north—west are a large
number of smaller ditched barrows. To the south-west there are a number of possible rectangular
enclosures and droveways.

The field in question is adjacent to the Scheduled Monument KE7l which currently covers a linear area
alongside the A2 road but will be extended to cover most of the study area (Figs. 2, 41).

The Star Hill crop—mark site has been provisionally identified as a probable Early Roman hexagonal
cremation feature which seems to be unique and is of a type of site not identified elsewhere in Britain.

However, there is at least one example of an Early Bronze Age barrow that, though essentially round,
did appear as though it had been originally dug in a series of short straight sections (Lord—of-the—Manor
1977, Site 2B, Thanet). However, the hexagonality of the present ditch is markedly different, with a
formal precision that would indicate a later, non-prehistoric, date.

Further excavation of the study area was necessary to elucidate the relationship between the hexagonal
feature and the 7th century burials and prove beyond reasonable doubt that at the very least the 7th
century graves post—date the hexagonal feature.

As a result of the 2006 excavations it is clear that the hexagon feature cuts the Late Bronze Age (LBA)
or Early Iron Age (EIA) ditch 014/018 and is in turn cut by at least seven Anglo—Saxon graves. A
Roman date is therefore realistic. The ‘Belgic’ sherd found in the central pit just possibly contemporary
with its construction and the Medieval and later elements intrusive. 

The recorded stratigraphic evidence means that the ditch of the hexagonal feature definitely post-dates
the LBA/EIA enclosure ditch 014/018 (together with any associated Early Iron Age activity) and
definitely pre-dates the Anglo—Saxon cemetery.

The sherd evidence from both the hexagon’s ditch, and its central pit, is inconclusive — no firm date can
be applied on the basis of the pottery data recovered to date. Most man-made activities produce some
artefactual bi’-products of that activity. Here, and using the inter-period ceramic evidence, this
technically means the hexagon was constructed during either the Late Iron Age or Roman periods.

As a putatively indigenous pre-Roman enterprise the hexagon could have been constructed during the
increased phase of ‘Belgic’-period activity, ie.sometime after c.50/25 BC. Its neatly straight sides and
Roman measurement, though, infer a Roman level of planning or design logic. It could therefore be a
Caesarian or Claudian, possibly military, imposition into native farmland.

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5.2 Previous Archaeological Assessments within the Area
The site lies on a hill within a rich archaeological landscape overlooking the southern edge of Bridge

_ village. A number of sites have been investigated in the vicinity, mainly archaeological works on the
Bridge By-pass by the Canterbury Archaeological Society in 1966-1974.

~ Although the work was funded by grants from the Department of the Environment and an interim
report published by Nigel Macpherson-Grant with an emphasis on the prehistoric pottery in
Archaeologia Canticma Vol. XCVI, 1980. No full report has been published.

It is understood that the report was to be published in two parts. Part 1, Prehistoric, and Part 2 would
have covered the later Roman and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. It would also have included a section on
settlement and land-use at Bridge including synthesising the evidence presented in both parts of the
reports. —

In 1961 Dr Mary Watson undertook field work just to the east of the current study area. The area of
Watson’s interest was being developed as a housing estate and the site lay in the path of a road which
n was being prepared. Two rubbish pits which were excavated yielded pre—Roman pottery, including a
Swarling type pedestal base and a handle from a Mediterranean type imported in Belgic times, a pre-
Roman bronze fibula and other bronze fragments, a broken speculum coin, Allen Class I, and domestic
— animal bones. The area has now been completely developed, but the excavator, Dr. Mary Watson, who
retains the finds has not, as yet, published a report.

" 5.3 Archaeological Sites and Monuments Record

In addition to the assessment of previous archaeological investigations in the area, it is recognised that
the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) held at Kent County Council contains sufficient data to
provide an accurate insight into catalogued sites and finds within the study area and the surrounding
landscape. As a result a search was carried out within a 500m radius of the study area in March 2003.

‘ntle

Extensive cropmarks are Kent Sites and Monuments Record gggg:,,,,u$s,,,
recorded within the

surrounding landscape

(Figs. 7, 38, 39). These

include linear drove-

__ Ways, enclosures,
ploughed out round
barrows, and over 50

~ small barrows with
penannular and ring
ditches. A full

T description of SMR

features within the study

area is itemised below:

Scale
5152330 6184051 518606 628505‘ 619300 619296 519400 
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TR 15 SE 2 Description

[TR 18685368] Tumuli

[NR]. Faussett in 177 l

mentions over 100

_ tumuli on Hanging Hill,
in front of and between Fig. 10. Mapping of known archaeological features within 500m of the Study Area
Bgurne Place, (Courtesy Of KCC).

~» ~.ES3(1‘3

    

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4th July 2008

Maurice Raraty

Dear Maurice,

Please find enclosed a draft report on CD of our Work at Star Hill, Bridge, Kent.
It is loosely based on a typical ‘Post-Excavation Assessment’ much beloved by curators
but as I feel these are usually a little thin on content I have added extra data.

The report is being circulated for constructive comment before being finalised, and as
always any comments would be most welcome.

The report is on an investigation of a hexagonal feature thought to be 20th century but has
been proved to be Roman and of a shape which seems to be unique. Its purpose has not as
yet been established.

Of particular interest are the 5th century Anglo-Saxon cremation urns and 6—7th century
inhumations found adjacent to the hexagonal feature...

With best regards,
x"\



Paul Wilkinson

DireCtor., P Wilkinson, PhD.,, FRSA., MSlA., MIFA.
School Farm Oast, Graveney Road, Faversham, Kent, ME13 8UP
Telephone 01795 532548
Website www.kafs.co.ul< E~mail info@kafs.co.ul<


F’ V Chairman: Dr MM Raraty.

BRIDGE 41 Bridge Down, Bridge, Canterbury, CT4 SBA
Telephone (01227) 830508
Email: mmraratvtéflbtinternet.com

ii’i"s"r“t‘i’ii'v
SOCIETY

 

20 July 2008

Dear Paul,

You may feel I’ve been a bit presumptuous in my annotations to the Bridge report: I’m
afraid I may have let my pedagogic (and pedantic) background take over. I hope you
find the couple of factual insertions useful however. If you don’t like the other changes
you will of course ignore them.

The more I think about it. the more I’m convinced that the critique of Francis Vine’s
Caesar in Kem by Matthew Bell was written by the man who bought Bourne in 1845,
and not his grandson of the same name.

Its also important to note that the volume of 1887 is the second edition: the first (of
1886, and privately printed) has different pagination, and no maps.

I can add, also as a matter of pedantry,

In Appendix I

p. ii Grave 3 2“ para: read ‘an iron”

p.iii Grave 5 the l4 AS pennies are not mentioned
p.v Grave 9 the description is similarly incomplete.

In the report on potential Treasure finds [is there a better word for treasure? — this seems
to be something that gets right under the skin of some peopleljz

Para 1 last line should read ‘represents’
Para 3 last line the second ‘date’ should read ‘doubt’ (?)

Appendix III also contains a few typos —— c.g. bi-product should read by-product
throughout ~ but I have not noted them.

The formal name of BDHS is Bridge and District History Society.
I hope other comments are self-explanatory.

I look forward to seeing the final version of an exhaustive, painstaking and fascinating
piece of work. I-las Vanessa l\/lacdonald also got a copy?

Best wishes.


Bishopsbourne, and the Roman road (some parallel to the road); others had been ploughed down.
Wright opened three and found them to be Saxon. This grave mound cluster is partly in woodland and
partly under the plough; only eleven mounds survive and these, in general, are in a poor condition (N 0
report).

TR 15 SE 7 Description

[TR 18595388] Romano-British urns and other vessels, (some in Liverpool Museum) with skeletons
and fragments of weapons, were found c.1833 about half-way up Bridge Hill during alterations to the
Canterbury - Dover road. Three more burials under the pavement on the north side of the road were
found with 4th c. pottery in 1956. The 1956 burials were found when a G.P.O. cable was laid at the
junction of Beech Hill and Bridge Hill at TR 18535396: the pottery which included two 4th c. jugs, has
been retained by Mr. Jenkins (N 0 report).

TR 15 SE 17 Description i

[TR 18938] An Early Iron Age site was found in May 1961 on Bridge Hill above the 200 ft. contour
near the summit of the hill (and adjacent to the Study Area) where it slopes to the north—west. The area
was being developed as a housing estate and the site lay in the path of a road which was being pre-
pared. Two rubbish pits which were excavated yielded pre-Roman pottery, including a Swarling type
pedestal base and a handle from a Mediterranean type imported in Belgic times, a pre—Roman bronze
fibula and other bronze fragments, a broken speculum coin, Allen Class I, and domestic animal bones.
The area has been completely developed, but the excavator, Dr. Mary Watson, who retains the finds,
indicated the approximate find spot at TR 18875388 (No report).

TR 15 SE 154 Description
Hexagonal feature with dark centre, probable WW2 military installation.

TR 15 SE 155 Description
Rectilinear enclosure with probable building foundation against its west side.

TR 15 SE 164 Description
Complex of linear features parallel to Roman Road, with "castellated" WW2 slit trenches, possible
trackways etc.

5.4 Documentary Evidence    i = r
The most important historical information has come from the Rev. F. Vine who was aware of the
hexagonal feature on Star Hill and in 1887 wrote in his book ‘Caesar in Kent’:

“On the brow ofthe hill, in Bourne Park, there are what appear to be the remains of two (Roman) out -
posts, 400 yards apart, surrounded each by a ditch. They are of the same dimensions, and form almost
perfect hexagons, each side being about 50 feet in length. They are situated in commanding positions
on a hill, called locally ‘Star Hill, ’and would aflord excellent stations for the guards placed before the
gates of the camp, whence they could view the position and movement of the enemy They are known
traditionally as ‘the Forts. ’T hey are now bare of trees but have the appearance of having been planted
at some comparatively recent period “(Vine 1887: 197).

In Vine’s book ‘Caesar in Kent’ there are also some excellent maps which show the location of not one
but two similar hexagonal features (Figs. 5, 40);
ln the 20th century a. critique of Vinds work was written by the local author MB‘? wrote:
“The two hexagonal enclosures, p19], surrounded by a bank, there is no ‘ditch ’, and supposed to be

»
5

 ‘ . i * , . V J.
  ,.; vi»;

‘outposts ’, are easily recognised.‘ he says fhey are known traditionally as the Forts  this is another 

instance of a tradition known to hardly anyone. I have never heard it mentioned. But, whatever else

1’)


 

they may have been, they were certainly once plantations, as the trees (Scotch firs) still existed forty
years ago in one of them, and a few stumps were visible in the other: the bank of the N. W hexagon is
still perfect, but after making ample allowance for the levelling effects of time and weather: it seems to
me far too insignificant in its dimensions to have ever been the embankment of a Roman ‘outposfwhile
it is exactly what one might expect to find as a bank thrown up to assist in protecting a plantation made
perhaps less than 100 years ago ” (Bridge Historical Society archive, 2006).

5.5 Geology and Topography

The British Geological Society shows that the North Downs consists of Upper Chalk, although geologi-
cally the Downs consist of the Lower, Middle and Upper Chalks. Most of the Downland in the Bridge
area is underlain by the Upper Chalk, with the lower strata (Lower Chalk) outcropping on the scarp and
valley slopes. The Lower Chalk has a high clay content, qualifying almost as Marl. The Middle Chalk is
more pure and whiter, and being harder resists erosion better. Upper Chalk is purer still, and contains
large quantities of flint which on erosion turns into Clay-with-Flints.

Water is scarce today on the Downs although it is thought there was a higher water table during the first
millennium. The only river close to the study area is called the Nai ourne which runs intermittently in
the valley below Star Hill flowing north-west until it becomes the ittle Stour in the vicinity of
Wingham. The soil on the Downs is poor, shallow and calcareous, and given the lack of water it is not
surprising that the Downs have seen sparser settlement than the valleys below.

Star Hill is located just some 900m south-east of Bridge between Canterbury and Dover, all of which
are connected by the Roman Watling Street. The study area is situated on the south—western side of Star
Hill which is the western spur of Bridge Hill, and is centered on NGR 618800 153600 (Fig. 41). The
site measures about six hectares in area and is situated on sloping ground with OD heights varying
between 62m AOD in the west to 65m AOD in the east (Fig. 41).

   

Figs. 11, 12. Four Ang1o—SaX0n graves
(cutting into the slope of the hexagon
ditch. The three on the lefit. Graves 3, 4,
4a are running parallel with the profile of
the ditch whilst Graves 4 & 4a have
slightly cut into it. Indeed Grave 4a (red
arrow) is unexcavated and shows that this
grave was out later than the ditch.

Grave 7 (above) shows not only was the
grave cut into the fill and base of the
ditch but the inhumation is still intact in
the backfill of the earlier hexagonal
feature ditch (Fig. 23).

   

l3

uuuu ».


6. Review of the Archaeological Fieldwork

6.1 Stratigraphical Deposit Model (SDM)

A common stratigraphic sequence was recognised across the site comprising topsoil/overburden
(001) overlying a thin subsoil (002) and the natural Upper Chalk. The topsoil/overburden consisted
of relatively loose dark brown sandy loam with frequent to moderate inclusions of sub-rounded —
angular flints and fragments of chalk. The subsoil comprised moderately dense mid gbrown sandy cw»
loam that not only sealed all archaeological deposits recorded on site, but also contained fragments
of friable abraded pottery and charcoal. A clear line of horizon gave way to regular natural deposits
of Upper Chalk where mechanical excavation ceased immediately above the chalk leaving a 15mm

zone of subsoil to be removed by hand. This zone was carefully trowled off and a careful examina— ’-J»/’¢“«r _ 

tion and investigation for truncated features was carried out. The  me overlying layer varied,
with the average depth of the natural geology being located between 0.40m (east) 0.60m (west)
below the existing ground level. Archaeological deposits were recorded between 64.44m and 65 .03m
AOD. Each group of features will be looked at separately, in conjunction with the full context list set
out in the final report. The Areas about to be described were investigated during Easter 2006. Earlier
work is itemised in 6.6 to 6.9.

6.2 Area 1 (Figs. 45, 49)

Area 1 measured 15m x 10m and was located at the east end of the 2006 strip and map area (Figs 45,
49, 53). Two ring ditches, 12 inhumation graves, four pits, three cremations, 51 post holes, and a flint
floor/surface were present within this area. A description of each feature is provided below, with a
phased site narrative included within Section 7 of this report.

Pits

Four pits were excavated in Area 1. In the northern area of Area 1 two large pits 012/013, and
016/017 were similar in size and both contained fills comprising mid-dark greycgbrown silty clay with
occasional sub-angular flints, charcoal flecks, burnt daub, and bone fragments.T)ating evidence from
the ceramic finds is Late Bronze-Early Iron Age transition (c.750—550 BC).

Two smaller pits were located near to the centre of Area 1. These two smaller pits, with similar infill
as the two larger pits were numbered 180/023 and 195/ 196. Both of these pits can also be dated by

ceramic finds to the Late Bronze—Early Ironfi

  

ge transition. 

   

    
 

Figs. 13, 14. A view (left) of the stripped
Area 1 (2006). Visible are Anglo—Saxon
ring ditches and numerous post and
rubbish pits. The area is on top of Star
Hill with good views over the
Nailboume River valley, and to the east
Watling Street. The initial stripping of
topsoil by hand in Area 1 (above)
revealed numerous graves and post holes

14

 


Post-pits and post holes

The post holes and post-pits within Area 1 formed two main clusters. Located within the northern
extent of this area and to the north—east of a flint cobbled floor whichjqn its south-west side were a
series of post-holes of a post-built structure dated by pottery typical of the Early Iron Age. The four
large storage pits (page 14) were clustered close to this building as are post holes 203/204, 201/202,
195/196, 035, 200/199. The pottery types retrieved from these features which are obviously grouped
together suggest a farmstead dated to the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age transition. For further
hypothesis of this phase of activity on the site see the Archaeological Narrative (pages 20-5).

Graves

There are 12 grave cuts located within Area 1, G.36, G.37, G.38, G39, G.40, G.4l, G.42, G.43, G.44,
G.45, G.46, G.47, G.58. None were excavated. Two of the graves (G.40, G.58) cut into the earlier
storage pits (012/013, 016/017) dated by pottery evidence to the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age
transition. Two south-west to north-east aligned barrow ring ditches 205/206 and 188/189 were found
in Area 1. Ring ditch 188/189 can be dated by pottery to c.375-450AD. Inside ring ditch 188/189
were two cremations 207/208 and 020/021, again dated to the same period. For the orientation of the
graves see Appendix I. The ring ditch to the north (205/206) seems not to have a grave cut. The ring-
ditch 205/206 was not excavated.

Cremation pits

Three Anglo—SaXon cremation pits were identified in Area 1. The Anglo-Saxon cremation pits
020/021. 18],/182, 185/186 can be dated by ceramic fnds to the fifth—sixth century. All were similar in
size (Fig.f00) ibut unfortunately all had been badly damaged by ploughing. The remains of the large
ceramic b‘o ' s found in all three cremations had been set slightly into the chalk surface enabling the
base and part of the pot to survive. The burnt, calcified bone that did remain was retrieved as a 100%
sample for future analysis. The possible cremation pits 211/212, 209/210, cannot be precisely dated
but were similar in size and configuration but the ceramic evidence had been totally destroyed by
ploughing. Adjacent to one of the ring-ditches was a cremation containing the remains of a small
angle-shouldered bowl with horizontal grooved above shoulder decoration. Its decoration and form
suggest it may be a devolved version of the early faceted carinated bowls found in East Anglia and
related to similar types from the Elbe river area of northern Germany, and dated there to between
c.375-450AD. Within the ring-ditch was another cremation, this time in a large globular urn decorated
with ‘stehende bbgen ’ or ‘standing arches’. The date of this cremation, which may be verified by

.1‘

Carbon 14 dating is unlikely to be later than c.450-475AD.  

6.3 Area 2 (Figs. 46, 50)

Area 2 measured 15m X 20m and was located at the east end of the 2006 strip and map area (Figs. 46,
50, 53). One ring ditch, 38 inhumation graves, three pits, two cremations, 42 post pits and holes, and
a split-post palisade trench with an associated concentration of Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age type
flints were present within this area. A description of each feature is provided below, with a phased site
narrative included within Section 7 of this report.

Pits

Three pits were excavated in Area 2. In the northern area of Area 2 two large pits 022/021 & 224/225,
were similar in size and both contained fills comprising mid-dark grey brown silty clay with
occasional sub-angular flints, charcoal flecks, burnt daub, and bone fragments. Dating evidence from
the ceramic finds is Late Bronze-Early Iron Age transition (c.750—550 BC).

One pit was located near to the centre of Area 2. The smaller pit, with similar infill as the two larger
pits was numbered 066/065. These pits can also be dated by ceramic finds to the Late Bronze-Early
lron—Age transition.

15


Post-pits and post holes V

A total of 42 postholes and pits were recognised Within Area 2. Seven on excavation provided no
dating evidence, but of the remainder, nine can be dated by ceramic evidence to the Late Bronze Age-
Early Iron Age transition. A further five can be dated, againby ceramic evidence to the Late Iron Age
to Early Roman transition, 21 were not excavated.

Linear features

A north-south thin curving split-post palisade trench, 107/108, 105/220, 106/221, 109/110, can be
dated by the associated concentration of flint flakes to the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age. The
construction of the palisade is Worthy of note. A curving slot about 180mm wide and 110mm deep
had been cut into the chalk and slots cut through the base of this trench about 60mm wide and
240mm long. These slots were where the split timber was slotted in vertically to build the solid
palisade fence. To keep the timbers upright the slots were packed with clay.

Graves

There are 38 grave cuts located within Area 2, G.55, G.65, G.48, G.85, G.79, G.75, G~.78, G.77,
G.86, G.87, G.88, G.69, G.53, G.54, G.52, G.12, G.82, G83, G73, G.76, G.50, G.51, G.68, G.17,
.G.l8, G.66, G.71, G.80, G.67, G.49, G.19, G84, G89, G.64, G.32, G.33, G.35, G.34. Five of the
graves (G.54, G.50, G.66, G.67, G.89) cut the palisade trench, and three (G.12, G.82, G.49) cut Late
Iron Age pits (125/ 126, 121/187, 149/150). For the orientation of the graves see Appendix 1. None
were excavated. The ring ditch (217) and grave (G.84) to the south were also not excavated.

Cremation pits

Two Anglo-Saxon cremation pits were identified in Area 2. The Anglo-Saxon cremation pits 083/084,
045/046 can be dated by ceramic finds to the fifth century. Both were similar in size (Fig. 16) but
unfortunately had been badly damaged by ploughing. The remains of the large ceramic bowls found
in both cremations had been set slightly into the chalk surface enabling the base and part of the pot to
survive. The burnt, calcified bone that did remain was retrieved as a 100% sample for future analysis.
The cremation 083/084 provided 11 sherds of sand and marl-tempered Ware Weighing 71gms. This

' fabric is broadly similar to the Canterbury Saxon EMS 2 with a date range from c.450AD, but more

likely c.475AD and lasting to c.625/650AD.

   

Figs. 15, 16. Excavation of the hexagonal feature and
associated Anglo—Saxon graves during 2005 (left).
Above anAnglo—Saxon cremation urn (046) was
retrieved in Area 2 in 2006. Dating by ceramic
specialists suggest from the mid 5th century.

16


6.4 Area 3 (Figs. 47, 51)

Area 3 measured 15m X 15m and was located at the west end of the 2006 strip and map area (Figs.
47, 51, 53). Features include 27 inhumation graves, two pits, no cremations, 21 post pits and holes,
and a ditch dated to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age. A description of each feature is provided
below, with a phased site narrative included within Section 7 of this report.

Pits

Two pits were excavated in Area 3. In the northern area of Area 3 one small pit (024/025), contained
a fill comprising mid-dark greygbrown silty clay with occasional sub—angular and worked flint,
charcoal flecks, and burnt daubiwith carbonised grain. Dating evidence from the lithic finds indicates
a Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age.

The other pit (223/019) was located near to the centre of Area 3, and adjacent to the ditch and was cut
by Grave 25. The fill of the pit comprising mid—dark grey/brown silty clay with occasional sub-
angular flint, bone and charcoal pieces contained 22 sherds of Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age flint-
tempered ware dating from c.900—600BC.

Post-pits and post holes

A total of 21 postholes and pits were recognised within Area 3. 16 were clustered in the vicinity of

Grave 63. Nine on excavation provided no dating evidence, but of the remainder, four can be dated

by ceramic evidence to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition. A further three can be dated,
again by ceramic evidence to the Late Iron Age to Early Roman transition, five were not excavated.

Graves

There are 27 grave cuts located within Area 3, G.29. G28, G26, G25, G.l3, G.l6, G.30, G27, G24,
G23, G22, G21, G.14, G.l5, G31, G90, G66, G.6l, G.62, G.63, G.8l, G.74, G.59, G.60, G.72,
G.56, and G.57. One of the graves (G.25) cuts the prehistoric ditch, and also cuts a Late Bronze Age-
Early Iron Age pit (019/223). For the orientation of the graves see Appendix 1. Four graves (G.16,
G.15, G.l4, G.62) were excavated. The prehistoric ditch (015, 018, 014, 015) was also completely
excavated.

Linear features

A northwest-southeast orientated shallow pre—Roman ditch was completely excavated. The fill (015,
120) comprised mid orangesbrown silty clay, with dark brown clay mottling. Occasional rounded
stones and charcoal flecks were present throughout the fill, which also produced flint-tempered
pottery dating to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age (c.900-60OBC) It probably represents the Late
Bronze Age—Early Iron Age farmstead/s enclosure ditch which is located at the eastern end of the site.
Cremation pits

No Anglo-Saxon cremation pits were identified in Area 3.

6.5 Area 4 (Figs. 48, 52)

Area 4 measured l5m X 10m and was located at the west end of the 2006 strip and map area (Figs.
48, 52, 53). The area included 15 inhumation graves, three pits, one cremation, six post pits and
holes, and two linear features were present within this area, which are detailed below. A description
of each feature is provided, with a phased site narrative included within Section 7 of this report.

Linear Features

Two linear features were recorded within Area 4. Both are of some importance. The prehistoric linear
ditch had a maximum width of 1.08m, whilst the hexagonal feature was slightly larger at l.97rn at its
maximum extent. The prehistoric ditch is dated by pottery retrieved from the sieved infill to the Late
Bronze-Early Iron Age transition, and is likely to be the farmstead’s enclosure ditch.

l7


The building which is associated with the ditch is the rectangular post-built structure, probably a Late
Bronze-Early Iron Age farmstead and is located at the eastern end of the strip and map area. The ditch
of the hexagonal feature cuts the prehistoric ditch and in turn seven Anglo-Saxon graves cut the
hexagon’s ditch. An unusual cremation burial (174/173), enclosed within a substantial four-post
structure is likely to have been positioned deliberately in the area where the two ditches cross. The
hexagonal feature is unique, and for that reason is a dilemma. Further discussion on this feature is to
be found on page 25.

Post pits and postholes

Six post pits and postholes were recognised with Area 4, two were not excavated whilst the four that
were are part of a four—post structure enclosing a cremation dating to about c.475/500-625AD. The
four-post structure was about 160m square with a central cremation urn partly cut into the chalk and
reduced by ploughing to 26 sherds weighing 220gms. At the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Apple Down in
Sussex the excavators (Down & Welch 1990: 25-32) reconstructed the structure over cremation 146
as having corner posts supporting a pitched thatched roof with perhaps side walls of planking or
wattle and daub to protect the inside and to brace the structure. Comparable structures are also known
from earlier and contemporary sites on the continent (Lucy, SJ. 2000).

Graves

There are 15 grave cuts located within Area 4, they are G.1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, G9,
G.l0, G.l 1 , G.70, G.96, G.95, G.4a. Twelve were excavated and the results of the excavation and
their impact on the hexagonal feature can be found on page 22. Two graves G.96 and G.95 cut the
fill of the ditch of the hexagonal but were not excavated (Fig. 55).

Cremation pits
See ‘Post pits and postholes’ (above) for discussion of the one cremation burial found in this area.

6.6 The 2003 investigation (Fig. 55)

An area 10m x 6m (Trench A) was excavated in the north-east corner of the hexagonal

feature. Depth of topsoil above the natural chalk was about 0.25m. The topsoil (001) was a dark
brown humic soil progressively getting grey/white with numerous chalk nodules, flint pieces and
chalk fleck inclusions. Two probable Anglo-Saxon graves were found in the north-west corner, but
not excavated. A single post-hole (03/2008) was sectioned and dated by flint fragments to the
Neolithic/Bronze Age. The surface of the chalk was scarred with a number of plough—marks. Worked
flint was retrieved on the surface of the chalk and again dated to the Neolithic/Bronze Age. The
specialist report suggests that the manufacture of working blanks to make axes- termed a “Factory
Site” could have been taking place at this location (Hardaker & MacRae pers corres).

Trench B (4x3m) was excavated and found to be overlaying the western corner of the hexagonal
feature exposing- as in Trench A the ditch of the hexagonal feature. The ditch in this trench is a
double ditch whereas the ditch in Trench A is a single ditch. However, the fill of the ditches is compa-
rable with white/ grey chalk earth mix (102), some flint, and chalk granules leading to the lower infill
of the ditch (104) of a chalk/soil mix with inclusions of chalk pieces and granules. No organic
material or soil was found in or at the bottom of the ditch. Six sherds of pottery (45 gms) were
retrieved from the chalk surfaces adjacent to the ditch in Trench B and are flint—tempered and can be
dated to 150-5 OBC. One sherd of Early Medieval pot was retrieved from the topsoil and can be dated
to c.1075-1 100AD. In the ditch 14 sherds (72gms) of flint and grog-tempered ware were retrieved
with a spread of dates from 150BC to SOAD. One sherd of Medieval pot was found in the lower
levels of the turf above the ditch and can be dated to c. 1200-1250/75 AD.

With two points of the hexagon located it was a simple matter to locate the centre of the hexagonal

18


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Appendix 1. The grave catalogue and small finds

H Sf 16] Iron spear 
/ <5 *4 0

SF114 Bronze
\  bUCkl€ \ 
SF 126 Iron knife —&%________

SF 127 Iron knife /

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R   P01: ShC1'dS.'  

Grave 1. Inhumation (Fig. 27)
Undisturbed, length 2.10m., width 0.76m., max.
depth 0.32m. (excluding topsoil). Orientated 88
degrees, head to the west. A large sub-rectangular
grave cut into the chalk. Fill; chalk nodules
mixed with earth. Skeleton fragmentary. .
lron spear (SF 161) to right of head and two
knives (SF 126, 127) by right waist. Two further
knives (SF 125, 128) by left hip. Decorated pot
.__ (SF 145) to the left of waist with a group of pot
sherds (SF 146, 155) presumed to come from

Grave 1. Fig. 27

SF 128 Iron knife

SF 125 Iron knife

SF 119 Brooch

SF 145 Pot Frankish
type: C. 7th cent.

SF 121 Broken
blue glass bead

SF 137 Iron key

SF 118
Corroded coins

21 A/S silver
pennies

grave fill. Brooch (SF 119) by left waist; copper
alloy buckle (SF 114) by right waist; one bead
(SF 121) and iron key (SF 137) by left knee.
Lump of corroded coins (SF 118) by left knee
and 21 Anglo—Saxon pennies in a textile bag
between the feet.


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BC. Interestingly, this transition period may also be present at Star Hill. A cluster of three fairly large
storage-type pits were recorded in Areas 1-2. One, Pit O13, appears to contain pottery with principally
EIA manufacturing characteristics. Another close to it, Pit 017, although cut by the Period 5 grave G40
contained definite fresh EIA material including bowl N0. 12. The evidence from the third pit 021/022
is slightly ambiguous but its coincidental location close to the other two should mean they form part of
a temporally-close group. This group of close—spaced and similarly-sized pits indicates the likelihood
that two at least, if not all three, had a similar function and were broadly contemporary with each other.
This, in turn, implies that the two associated ceramic styles occurred close together in time. However,
the evidence is not entirely conclusive ~ it is a reasonable likelihood.

The EIA-MIA phase of occupation .'

The number of datable elements for this phase are small. Although the coarseware jar No.13‘ is typical
of regional Early Iron Age assemblages, on its own, its rim form is too simple and long-lived to be a
useful chronological indicator. Even the continental-style rusticated sherds, although they are utterly
typical of 0.550-400 BC Kentish assemblages east of the river Medway, can only be used as
confirmation of an IA presence. In the specific sense of deliberately roughened, or the deliberate
application of additional clay to roughen the surfaces of coarseware jars, this style continues well into
the fourth century. Only the fineware bowl No. 2 can be used here. The French evidence could suggest
that this bowl is quite early - its near-upright sh0ulder—neck panel is close to one from Haute-
Normandie dated to between c.530-450 BC and to another from the Nord dated slightly later, c.500-
400 BC. The other more general parallels quoted are all more inwardly angled and dated to La Tene
Ancienne Tb, c.450-400 BC but, since both near-upright and more inwardly—angled upper-body panels
can occur together, this aspect is not necessarily a sign of earliness or lateness.

Summary :

It is safe to say that the Star Hill farmstead began life somewhere between c.950—600 BC. Although it
is possible that it might be as early as the later tenth or ninth centuries — the evidence is slim. As
excavated, the numeric dominance of sherds and features of confirmed EIA date does suggest that the
latter was of some duration — of up to two, possibly three, generations length, and a point possibly
reinforced by the renewal post-pit 011/194 cut at the south-east corner of the cobbled zone in Area 1. It
is also safe to say that there was a subsequent phase of Early-Mid Iron Age activity that could be dated
to between c.550-400 BC. In addition, there is some evidence that could suggest that both the EIA and
EIA-MIA ceramic traditions were in contemporary usage at the beginning of the sixth century BC -
with, perhaps, the later pottery bcingtintroduced or adopted relatively late within the life of the
settlement and followed by only a relatively sho1t—term EIA-MIA phase. This scenario assumes that the
cluster of pits mentioned above (012/013, 016/017, 0212/022) were contemporary with the occupation
of the post-bui1tEIA structure at the eastern end of Area 1. However, the equation is dependant upon
the likely function of the cobbled area attached to this building. Cobbling on the top of a hill with a
well-drained chalk sub-soil is a little unexpected and presupposes either a ‘quality’-style entrance area
or a mucky yard associated with a cattle byre. If the former, the siting of storage or rubbish pits so
close to a potential main approach-way could be inconvenient — in which case the building is
significantly earlier. If the latter explanation applies — there is no real problem and both pits and
building are broadly contemporary. Again, the evidence is not conclusive. For the time being, and
accommodating all aspects, the construction and life of the farmstead is initially placed to between
c.750-500 BC.

III. SITE-PHASES 5A—B : POTTERY FROM THE EARLY-MID SAXON CEMETERY

Assemblage condition and contextual associations

A total of 421 sherds of Early-Mid Saxon pottery was recovered. Of these, the majority collectively
represent 8 cremation burial jars (020/021, 046, 083/084, 085/086, 1 17/118, 173/174, 181/182 and
185/186) and 2 inhumation—burial accessory vessels, with a small quantity of residual or intrusive sherds
presumably all from plough—damaged cremations (a sherd from Cremation 185/186 (No.14) was found 15
metres away in the top fill of a Phase 2 pit, 065/066). Although too little of the cemetery was excavated to
defmitively phase its burials on a century basis, sufficient was recovered to indicate that it had been in use
for a considerable period. Partly to emphasise this apparent longevity and partly to provide an initial
foundation for any future work, the material and associated contexts has been placed into two broad


phases — Phases SA and 5B. So that, on the basis of existing general and regional data for the period, and
by associated context type, fabric, available fonn and decoration, 328 generally sandy ware sherds have
been allocated to Phase 5A (broadly fifth—sixth century AD), and 2 imported wheel—thrown vessels and 7
organic—tempered sherds to Phase SB (broadly sixth-seventh century AD). In addition, a single sherd of
eighth-ninth century Mid-Late Saxon pottery was recorded. This last was unstratified and, on
conventional dating, is unlikely to be derived from an actual burial —- and is dealt with separately.

Site-Phase 5A :

Most of the cremation vessels are extremely fragmentary and heavily damaged. Only Cremation 020/ 121
(N 0. 15) is relatively complete and reconstructable. All the others are only partially, or even barely, I
represented — mostly with some shoulder and body and occasional rim sherds surviving. Base sherds are
mostly missing except for N05. 15-16 and, possibly, Cremation 17 3/ 1 74. Cremation 085/086 is solely
represented by 2 bodysherds. The virtually unique Cremation 173/174, within its 4—post structure, is
sadly devoid of any definitive formal or decorative sherds. Inevitably, intrusive or residual sherds derived
from cremation pots are mostly small and variably worn.

Site-Phase 5B :

Not unexpectedly the vessels fiom Graves land 11 are virtually intact. Conversely, the 5 organic-
tempered sherds recovered are all fairly worn and small and presumably derived from plough—disturbed or
robbed graves.

Fabrics

The fabrics of the imported wares are described in a separate section below. The local fabrics have been
identified via the same analytical means and criteria indicated in Section II above and, in order to
distinguish them fiom other regional fabric types referred to, are given their own fabric coding.

PERIOD
FABRIC DESCRIPTION
CONTEXTS, ILLUS. NOS.

SHERD QUANTITY NO. POTS,

Early-Mid Saxon ;

Phase 5A :

Fabric S1 .' Silty with moderate sand 76 3 —
Cremations 181, 046, 186 - N0s.14, 16, 19

Fabric S2A : Coarse sandy with mod—profuse FeO inclusions 159 1 —
Cremation 020 — No.15

Fabric S2B : Sandy with mod—profuse FeO inclusions 2 2 — residual —
Nos.21, 25

Fabric S2C.- Sandy with sparse/nil FeO inclusions 44 12 ~ Cremation 117
(No.18) + 11 residual sherds inc1.No.20

Fabric S3: Fine sandy 2 2 — residual
incl. No.22 ~
Fabric S4 : Sandy with chalk/marl inclusions 34 5 — Cremation
173 and 5 residual sherds incl.Nos.23-24

Fabric S5 3 Sandy with calcaggregate and FeO inclusions 11 1 — Cremation 083 -
No.17

Phase SB :

Fabric S6A : Organic—te1npered sandy 2 1 - residual
Fabric S6B : Organic—tempered sparse sandy 1 1 - residual
Fabric S6C : Organic-tempered silty 3 3 — residual
incl. No.26

Fabric S6D : Organic- and chalk-tempered 1 1 — intrusive

Post-cemetery :
Mid-Late Saxon :

Ipswich-type ware 1 1 - residual


Table 4. Star Hill, Bridge 2002-2006 : Summary of Phases 5A—5B and later fabric types and associated sherd
frequencies

Site~Phase 5A .‘

Overall, there is a preference for either obviously silty or obviously sandy clay matrices, with the latter
predominating. Fabrics S2A-C form a group united by the use of sandy clays with profuse—moderately
profuse rounded/sub-rounded milky quartz grains. In Fabric S2/1 the grains are noticeably larger than
in Fabrics S2B—2C and for the latter two, the only real difference between them is the presence of either
profuse, or very sparse, iron—oxide inclusions. Fabric S4 is a sub—group of Fabric S2 using a clay(s)
containing a fine marl or chalk content. Overall five different local clay sources are indicated — the
Fabric S2 sub—diVisions probably representing only minor shifts in source area. Most of these are
minority fabric types, with only Fabrics S2C, and possibly S4, representing preferred clay sources.

By comparison with the good Canterbury sequence, it is becoming’ likely that rural eastern Kentish
Saxon potting traditions adhered to fairly consistent fabric recipes ~ albeit with inevitable minor
variations in clay types used and, possibly, chronological currencies. The sample size is still too small
to be absolutely certain, but the present assemblage appears to broadly confirm this likelihood. Fabric
S2, particularly Fabric S2A, are similar to Canterbury Fabric EMS 1A — a profusely sandy fabric that
appears early in that sequence. Fabrics SI and 3 are similar to Canterbury Fabric EMS 1B and Fabric
S4, dependant upon the amount of marl/chalk inclusions, could be seen as an amalgam of Canterbury
Fabrics EMS 2-3.

Fabric S5 is a little unusual since, at the current level of regional study, this type of fabric, with its
inclusions of calcareous aggregate, has only been recognised from the Folkestone area (Folkestone
Fabric CT, Canterbury Archaeological Trust archive for Channel Tunnel sites). However since there is,
so far, no reason to suspect that any of the handmade pottery from this cemetery stems from anywhere
other than local sources, this inclusion type may well occur locally. In which case, this fabric would be
similar to Canterbury Fabric EMS 2.

Site—Phase 5B .'

The Fabric S6 group are obviously united by their use of organic—temper - but use differing clay types.
Fabric S6B is a sub—group of S6A, using a clay containing fine marl (and different from the heavy chalk
content of Fabric S6D). For this phase four main sources of clay appear to have been used. Other than
that no heavily sanded clays are being used, and that Fabric S6D may represent a new source, there is
no reason to suspect a radical shift in clay source locales from those used in Period SA.

Other manufacturing characteristics

Site-Phase 5A :

Potting is mostly fairly competent with, in terms of basic body structure, the production of (at girth)
mostly large- and medium diameter pots (eg.Nos.15, 19 for the first, Nos. 16, 18 for the second); small-
diameter vessels, at rim or girth, are represented by jars Nos.14, 20, 24. Mostly, body wall thicknesses and
general shaping of the pots is consistently even, although the above- and below-shoulder wall-thickness of
19 and the shoulder of the thin-walled 18, vary considerably. With surface treatments, the degree of finish
given a pot may vary dependant upon the relative visual importance of the surface area involved ie,
whether it is decorated or not. No.15 is the most extant Vessel for assessing general finishing trends. Its
inner and outer lip and external neck surfaces have been given a good shiny burnish. Thereafter,
downward to the base, the degree of burnishing decreases — matt shiny on the upper body and shoulder,
light and patchy over primary smoothing on the lower body. Internally, it has been smoothed, more
roughly towards the base. The marked grit-drag streaks on the underside of the base confirm that it was
knife-trimmed. Other than that its base was only smoothed, the same basic trend also applies to No.16,
though nominally - with parts of its lower exterior body only patchily burnished and still retaining much
of its original rough diagonal knife-trimming or smoothing. No.19 had its exterior smoothed and lightly
burnished prior to decoration, and its interior given a good—quality light even burnish. The undecorated
jar, 18, has been evenly smoothed overall and given a light superficial burnish externally. The few
bodysherds belonging to No.17 appear to have been only roughly smoothed.

The decoration on the three vessels 14-15, 19 is fairly deeply tooled, appearing sharply—defined and


superficially neat. However the finishing of any horizontal grooves, although generally regular in
alignment, is uneven or overrun. Equally, there is no consistent follow—through between the thin primary
outlining of the twin arcades of 155 stehende bogen and their final broadly grooved form. Again, on 19,
the tops of the shoulder chevrons meet roughly, with a considerable degree of overlap — and it is unlikely
that they were regularly spaced around the body. With 16, the decoration is crude, inconsistent and
irregular and, like its surface finish, very ‘rough-and—ready’.

With few exceptions - the oxidised orange-brown interiors of 15 and 21 - the firing colours of all vessels
are a varied set of greys and dark grey—browns with, on 16 most noticeably, the differential colour-
blotching typical of bonfire-kiln firings. The post-firing hardness of fabrics varies too, harder for the
sandier fabrics and marginally softer for the finer siltier ones. '

Site Phase 5B .'

The majority of the organic-tempered sherds are highly abraded. None appear to be decorated and one or
two have had their exteriors smoothed and lightly burnished. Befitting its bowl function, 29’s interior was
lightly burnished.

Vessel and decoration types (Figs.00-00)

S ite-Phase 5A :

Only 4 vessels are sufficiently extant to define their form type. Of these the fairly small diameter of No.14
indicates that it is from a biconical bowl or small jar; the remainder are larger-diameter jars - No.19 sub-
biconical, Nos.15-16 globular and 18 from a hollow—necked jar. The small diameter and flaring rims of
N0s.20, 24 suggests that they are from sub-biconical or globular forms; the form of 25 is uncertain. Most
rims are simple, curving and variably everted, with 155 slightly thickened and 25‘s atypically flat-topped
with an everted lip. The decoration on 14-16, 20 and an un—illustrated unsuatified bodysherd is principally
linear. A broad panel of continuous horizontal grooves on 14, a series of ‘standing arches’ beneath twin
horizontal mid—shoulder grooves on 1-5, and a below-shoulder series of overlapping ‘hanging arches’ with
centrally-placed single dot impressions (Briscoe Type 00 stamp) within each arch on 16. The more
complex-decorated 19 has a shoulder frieze of multiple-line crossing chevrons beneath a neck-mid
shoulder panel of either multiple-line spaced diagonals or simple chevrons interspersed with one or more
dot impressions. No.20 is too worn to be certain of orientation — its decoration has been drawn as part of a
rectilinear design, but the vertical lines could equally well ‘hang down’ from horizontal girth grooves.

Site Phase 5B :

Other than the non-local wares dealt with separately below only one form, bowl 26, can be confidently
allocated to this phase. It is unusual in this type of context and,

if included in a grave, may have served the same intention as the deposition of glass palm cups.

The wheel-thrown fine wares from Graves 1 and I1 (Fig.00)

No.27 (Grave 1, SF 145, Fabric S8, 35 sherds) :

A small competently—thrown round-shouldered jar with a near—upright short neck and simple very
slightly everted rim. The neck has a broad slightly concave incipient collar. The base is slightly
concave with a slightly uneven edge and was wire-cut from the wheel-head. It was made using a
moderately sandy clay with fairly profuse quantities of fine to fairly small maroon-red and brown-red
iron-oxide inclusions. The body was smoothed overall, more evenly above the shoulder, more
superficially below — and then burnished, patchily noticeable above the shoulder, virtually non-existent
over the lower—body zone. It was fired moderately hard in oxidising conditions, giving an even
gradation of pale buff—pink surfaces with a slightly darker fabric in the thinner wall sections and the
same, but with a pale grey core, in the thicker lower—body zones. The lower body, on one side, is
scarred by widespread shallow flaking away of the surface skin. Some scar edges are worn, indicating
that at least some of this damage was not post-depositional but occurred while the pot was still in use.

No.28 (Grave 11, SF 144, Fabric S7, 13 sherds) .'

A fairly competently-thrown bottle with a well—formed flaring and internally—cupped rim. The body and
neck profile is rather uneven and the base slightly concave with an unevenly-finished edge. Before
firing, a neat small 5mm. diameter hole was bored, from the exterior inward, through the nearly flat


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