Glossary page Page 1 of2 Glossary Advowson — in English ecclesiastical law, the right of presentation to a vacant benefice. Battledore — A wooden paddle used either in washing to agitate and beat clothes, or to load items into a kiln or oven. Benefice — a Church office yielding an income to its holder, or the revenue or property attached 1 to that office. 1.‘; _ . _,‘ Canon — a clergyman belonging to the staff of a cathedral. Chaffyndysh (Chafing dish) — A vessel with an outer pan of hot water for keeping food warm. Chancel - that part of the east end of a church in which the alter is placed, usually applied to the whole continuation of the nave east of the crossing. Clerestory — upper storey oghe nave walls of a church, pierced by windows. I Combe (or coombe) — a dry measure of capacity equal to four bushels. Decorated (style) — historical division of English Gothic architecture coverin g the period from c. 1290 to c. 1350. It was characterised by a desire to break up the lines of a structure, typified by the use of the ogee arch or window, and could be quite rich and even frivolous. Easter Sepulchre — recess with tomb—chest, usually in the wall of a chancel, the tomb—chest to receive an effigy of Christ for Easter celebrations. Executor — the person appointed by a testator to execute a will. Hagge sawe — a saw used to coppice trees. Legatee — one to whom a legacy is bequeathed. Mark — a former monetary unit and coin in England and Scotland, worth two—thirds of a pound. Misericord — bracket placed on the underside of a hinged choir stall seat which, when turned up, provided the occupant of the seat with a support during long periods of standing. [translates as 'mercy']. Milch kine — dairy cattle. Nave — the central space in a church, often flanked by aisles. Ogee arch or window — a double—curved arch, employed in wood on choir stalls and in stone on window tracery and wall niches. A Perpendicular (style) — historical division of English Gothic architecture covering the period from c. 1335-50 to c. 1530. It formed a backlash against the richness of the Decorated style and http://www.fiske.clara.net/glossary.htm 06/1 1/00 Glossary page Page 2 of 2 emphasized the straight lines of a building, with a strong vertical emphasis. Poople hordes - Wooden boards used to make the dicky or seat at the back of a cart or carriage. Quearn (quern) — a pair of stones used to grind grain. Regency (period) - between the years 1811-20. Sepulchre — a burial vault, tomb or grave. Sizar (Cambridge University. ) — A poor scholar whose assize of food is given him. Sizars used to have what was left at the fellows’ table, because it was their duty at one time to wait on the fellows at dinner. Each fellow had his Sizar. Skeppe — A basket or container of a certain capacity. A bee skeppe was a bee hive. Tenement — in property law, any form of permanent property, such as land, dwelling, shop etc. Testator — a person who dies leaving a will or testament in force. Trental — a set of thirty requiem masses. Vergesse — The juice of green or unripe grapes, crab—apples or other sour fruit, made into a liquor. Was once much used in cooking as a condiment, or for medicinal purposes. Wheelwright — a maker and repairer of wheels and wheeled vehicles. Wolle Cardys (Wool cards) — tools used for combing wool to remove knots and impurities before spinning. Wymbell (Wimble) — a gimlet; a tool used for boring small holes in wood. Yeoman — A freehold farmer who cultivates his own land; a "rich peasant" exemplified by the English longbowmen of Agincourt. 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A good guess is Lisbon, 1587, in early April, Marlowe scouting for Drake, (1: who wanted to hit the Armada before it got under sail, Cervantes in town working on spec for the Armada supply commisioner, Antonio Guevara. Cervantes hoped to win from the commissioner a contract requisitioning supplies out of Seville. (2) Cervantes and Kit Marlowe both stammered; that may have helped cement their friendship, for they became lifelong comrades. Very poor, Cervantes had joined Spanish secret service in his youth, ((2) and had seen military service——at Lepanto he lost the use of his left hand, so his nickname became Manco, the name Marlowe uses for him in ciphers. (5) Drake credited good intelligencers for his lucky strike on Spanish galleons at Cadiz that April, (.r_,~; and it looks as if Marlowe ‘turned’ Cervantes, who'd have been the only man in Lisbon who'd know where the warships were hiding. Marlowe was granted his MA in absentia by means of a special letter of praise from the privy council. g) He was absent because he was working in Madrid that summer as Arthur Dudley, (8) with Walsingham's agent Federigo Zuccaro, <9; (who made a rough sketch of Marlowe then, said to be of young Shakespeare.) In May 1589 (governments take their time with payoffs) Cervantes, too, may have beeen rewarded by England, for early that June he suddenly possessed a lot of mysterious money. (;___o__; Cervantes yearned to be a successful playwright, and several plays of his were produced in the corrales, his first in Madrid probably in autumn, 1583. :11) These dramas were not exactly hits but had great passages in them. He also made memorable entremeses, «,2; and his other writings, poetry and prose, contain scenes that seem like plays. ii__._:_>t_; When Marlowe translated Don Quixote I, he put these hidden lines up front: "Chr. Marlowe English'd the vvhole tale for U, Manco — not an easy feat! Ei, ei, ell Many a pen gone t'pot in my chr — onicle 0' th' mad adventures of a great don 'n' a small Sancho! ;1_<_:_i Hush! Wait! Printed properly, it shall run in los corralesl Hush!" Hundreds of years later, this dream came true, in The Man From la Mancha. Several stories in Cervantes‘ Don Quixote I & II were directly inspired by happenings in Marlowe's life: Kit‘s courtship of his first wife in "Candaya" (Crete), is described by the Afflicted Matron (the nurse) in Chapter 38 of Part II. She tells how a young poet came to Candia and seduced her, and the beautiful 14- year old maiden in her charge, by singing marvelous roundelays with a Gittern—and that this Don Clanixo was not the girl's Equall, hee being but a private Gentleman, and shee such an Inheritrix, and how the girl's mother, the queen, was so angry she died. (1.5) Cervantes left out the sad end of this romance: Marlowe married Rita; (V15) she died at Padua in childbirth at the end of October 1594, (3 and Kit, with a new baby to care for, sent home plays, packed up, and with a cow, the baby girl and the nurse, set off in spring 1595 to stay with Cervantes in Seville . Manco had invited him to come. (is; Going over a hot, dry Spanish mountain, Marlowe's party found an almost—dead youth named Cardenio lying unconscious on the trail. (19; They revived him and he told them he wanted to die for his lost love. They fed him and took him to his castle—home, and later both Marlowe and Cervantes wrote about the young man, using his name Cardenio: Kit made a play, performed at court but now lost, while Manco put part of the story into several chapters of Don Quixote I. Marlowe's little family lived with Cervantes in Seville for more than a year. Marlowe had to leave and return a couple of times, and Cervantes, caring for the child, grew very fond of her. Her first language was Spanish, and Manco's loyal affection for her in later years shows in his works. In June 1596, Cervantes and Kit scouted for Essex's Cadiz raid; Cervantes, disguised as a new Spanish Ordnance Commissioner, Kit as his clerk, went to Cadiz and mixed up the cannonballs, moving them around to different stations so the big guns couldn't fire properly. (212 (Cervantes, a famous humanist, was forever Robin Hood — opposing his king's incineration of stray Moors and Jews and the cruelty of colonial government in America.) After Essex's raid, Marlowe and little Isabella had to say goodbye to Manco; Kit took the child aboard the third admiral‘s flagship and they sailed for England, Kit under cover. He told the admiral he wanted his girl to be reared by some kind, rich English family, and the admiral said he'd take care of her. He was Good Tom Howard, Lord Howard de Walden, who became earl of Suffolk, and he had a big family at Audley End. Marlowe, still banished, was soon sent off to Italy by State Secret Service. Cervantes and Marlowe were both in Valladolid in May 1605 during the Spanish—English peace—party: :22; I have no ciphers about this occasion. Kit, after suffering a series of awful experiences that year, came back to stay with Manco, who probably helped him to write in Spanish. Using the name Antonio de Eslava, http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 2 of 9 Marlowe wrote Mi/on y Berta, and for his daughter an extant book of stories called Noches de Invierno, with a ciphered English dedication to her—she was still living at Audley End. ;123)_ A copy of this anagram is here in the appendix. (One of the stories in Noches has been noticed as a source for The Tempest. (24)) Meanwhile in England, Kit‘s child, first known as the Orphan Isabel, had been adopted by wealthy friends of the Howard family—the Bassets, who'd lost an infant daughter: Orphan Isabel became Elizabeth Basset. Her adopted dad soon died, and suddenly the girl became a wealthy, marriageable ward of the crown. Kit's dedicatory lines in Noches de Invierno are addressed to her as Eliza Basset.) Cervantes‘ fourth story in his Nove/as Ejemp/ares is about this daughter of Kit's. "The Spanish English Girl" contains true details that Marlowe must have supplied, about the remarkable meeting of Queen Elizabeth, Admiral Tom Howard the Admiral and this little girl at the Charterhouse on 17 January, 1603. :26). Crevantes includes dialogue for the queen and the child and describes the little girl's pearl—embroidered dress (probably made from the pearl—embroidered wedding gown Rita wore when she eloped with Kit). The queen was not well; she was preparing to go to Richmond to die, and that meeting was her very last in town. (27; As Marlowe was her friend, she may have come to free his child from a threatening wardship, for there'd been wrangling over it; Master of Wards Robert Cecil wanted it for himself. <,;_2.,:«3:» The girl seems to have been left with assets intact, and she wasn't forced to marry a man Cecil would have chosen for her. Late in 1610 Cecil's son and young Henry Howard, Good Tom's third son, came together to the English embassy at Venice, (39; and it was Henry, not the Cecil youth, who asked Marlowe for Isabel-Elizabeth's hand in marriage. When Kit heard of hopes for a wedding he was floored, said yes, and started to work on The Tempest as a present for the young people. go) All of Cervantes‘ Chapter 5 in Don Quxote II is a dialogue between Sancho Panza and his new wife, about how Sancho's daughter is going to make a very "good“ marriage. The wife objects, saying the girl's marrying out of her class. Sancho says (in Marlowe's ‘Thomas Shelton‘ translation), "Why wilt thou hinder me from marrying my daughter where she may bring me grand—sonnes that may be styled Lordship? you shall see how you shall bee called Dofia Teresa Panza, and sit in the Church with your carpet and your cushions and your hung—c|othes, in spite of the Gentlewomen of the town." and on. Then in Don Quixote II, Chapter 36, Cervantes prints a letter, fictional but correctly dated July 1614, in which Sancho Panza tells his wife he's going off to become a rich Governor. Kit's friend Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, owned a large part of the Bermuda Company, (31; and he wanted someone to take the hard-up colonists supplies they wouldn't have to buy from the concessionaire. Also, Hen had recently been made commissioner in charge of catching English pirates hanging around Algiers. :33; To kill two birds with one stone—-this could have been Kit‘s idea—Hen commissioned Marlowe to buy two new little ships (marciliane) at Venice, go catch some pirates (i) then lade the vessels with supplies, take them to Bermuda and give the new ships to the colonists. Kit did, and yes, he was dreaming of a pardon that might allow him to be governor and take his new Spanish—actress wife there to live. (33; In Part Two, Chapters 42-53, Don Quixote gives Sancho advice on being a governor, and Sancho arrives at the Island, has an awful time, has to leave and give up his dream. Too true. (:34; There are more allusions to Marlowe in other works of Cervantes—a touching one in Viaje del Parnaso. In his ciphers Kit Marlowe often speaks of his friend Manco. If you read down the right side of these two—column pages his ciphers make stories. (Please note that my line-numbering measures only lines of dialogue, which is how Marlowe did it, anyway.) In 3 Henry VI, Marlowe says he's fine in Seville with this thin friend who stuttered an invitation to stay—and Kit tells how he took the nurse back to the Lido and returned to Manco's place to find baby Isabel speaking Spanish. In some ciphers for 1 Henry IV included here, he tells about the 1596 Cadiz raid, and how they said goodbye to Manco. In the later cipher—story of As You Like It here in the Appendix, Marlowe in 1601 is reminiscing about old times and tells of the wild trip with the baby to Cervantes’ place in Seville, years before. In Tymon ciphers he writes of Manco's last illness; in Bargrave’s Polisie ciphers, of his death. Kit and Manco's relationship was not locked in spying; Marlowe was a real friend to Cervantes, visited, corresponded with him, translated Don Quixote I for him — and Don Quixote II, after Cervantes died. In mid—1610, Cervantes was set to go to Naples with the cultural entourage of his long—time patron, the 7th Count of Lemos, but at the last minute he was left in Madrid without money. I think Francisco Quevedo told the viceroy Manco was declassé. (35) Marlowe did go to Naples under cover as cultural aide Antonio de Laredo, (36) and when the elegant theater company of Fernan Sanchez de Vargas (37; came ashore and began work at court for the viceroy, Kit‘s life changed. Beautiful Micaela Lujan _{_._3__a3_;-_ was primadona of the Sanchez company. She and Kit fell in love, right away considered themselves married and found a shack at a little cove on the beach, where they lived together. His ciphers in the The Winter's Tale tell about this and are included here. Micaela had been Lope de Vega's lover for years—she'd helped him and borne him two children, 1.3.9) but he was married; (4l_Il_), Micaela was only a perennial mistress. Exasperated, she left him (in 1608?), and in 1610 sailed away to Naples with the playing company to work for Lemos. She knew the undercover work Kit was doing for England was dangerous. Most days, as popular Antonio de Laredo, he worked as a secretary at the palace and for the poetry and drama clubs of the imported Spanish nobles, but sometimes he had http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 3 of 9 to leave Naples to report political news to the English embassy over at Venice. He now had a little ship of his own, (31; and once in a while he sailed on errands for English ambassador Harry Wotton and his successor Dudley Carleton. Micaela kept acting in the theater productions and kept house at the beach. She was captivated by Kit's writing skill (she was no fool), became his loyal aide, and in 1611 and '13 she bore him babies. There they were, two midd|e—aged people starting a life together in spite of incredible difficulties. He wrote a play for her in Italian about a woman who was a good angel appearing in disguise to extricate a rash young man from trouble. It was published in Venice with byline Gregorio de' Monti (his out-front name for the second second part of his life), and the Folger Library owns a copy of the third edition. (42) A In 1613 Marlowe distanced himself from a corrupt State Secret Service. He Lope de Vega continued to work for Lemos in order to keep undercover watch for Spanish political and military moves against England or Venice; he checked in with Wotton and Carleton as a friendly secretary, but could not bring himself to work for Bacon. This was an impossible situation—with no secret service pay he was dependent on a small stipend from Lemos and the kindness of his friends in Venice. When Marlowe suffered financially in Italy, so did Cervantes in Madrid. :43) Times got rough. And there was a real worry about Spanish aggression. The poet—politician Francisco Quevedo had put forth a plan to capture Venicem; and use the city as a base for troops which would move north through friendly Hapsburg territory to Holland, where Spain had a ten—year truce, and from there the plan was to- what else?—cross the Channel and take England. Marlowe's difficult Bermuda voyage was over; he'd returned to Miceala and his family in November 1614. Cervantes said in Don Quixote II that all Sancho could bring home was a coral necklace for his wife and some bladder water—wings for the children. A tiny new (third) brother was ill and died. Harry Wotton had been replaced as ambassador in Venice by Dudley Carleton, and now Carleton had to leave and asked Marlowe to serve as chargé d‘affaires till Car|eton's return. (45) Micaela retired from the stage in November 1614, and with Kit and the children, traveled to Venice. But Car|eton's leave—taking was delayed, so Marlowe took a job as reader in medicine at Padua University, and since he couldn't afford an apartment, the family lived in a tent till it got cold, then moved to a boat tied at the riverside—where something awful happened. The children (did they decide to go swimming? At the beach the water had been gentle and shallow )- the children jumped overboard, were carried off by the cold swift current and drowned. Kit returns to that moment in ciphers, over and over. mg Micaela stayed and comforted him. She and Marlowe did go to Venice to keep track of things at the embassy when Carleton left, and just before Harry returned to take up the reins in spring 1616, the "modern" steam—heat system at the embassy house (it had no safety valve) blew up, ruining every room and killing their dog, Signora Scala, who was sleeping on top of the furnace. Kit felt responsible, but Harry——no recriminations—just rented a new place. (48) Lemos and his train, including the Sanchez Players, were scheduled to leave Naples late in June 1616 to return to Spain. Micaela wasn't going with them, but Kit suggested (did Harry suggest it to him?) that it would be a good idea for her to go back to Madrid, keeping her distance from Lope, and collect news to bring to Venice. She was incensed. They quarreled. She said Kit was using her—he didn't even love her enough to make their marriage correct in the eyes of the Church——they weren't really married! She was tired of being a tool. Yes, she'd go to Spain, and she wouldn't come back! She shot off to Naples. mg; Marlowe followed her; she evaded him. He went to work with the dramatic Oziosos club at the Naples court and directed a farcical playlet about Persephone going to the underworld. He was at the top of the stage playing Pluto and getting laughs, when suddenly he twisted his bad foot, broke his ankle and fell down on the other actors, stopping the show. (501 Micaela, still in town, couldn't be reached. He didn't have a good doctor. Lemos and his court, Micaela and the Sanchez company sailed away, leaving Kit hurt, unloved and feeling sorry for himself. In pain he rode to Venice, to his dead spymaster Battista Guarini‘s old apartment in San Moise, where he sat down and edited a little book of encomia for Battista, gathered from many friends. Kit added sonnets he'd written himself, signed Gregorio de' Monti and gave the compilation to the Ciotti Press. (551; Then he made a bitter rewrite of a play he'd made in college days, Timon ofAthens. Bitter outside and in. Inside, he put a tiny loving epitaph for Cervantes, who'd died four months before in Madrid in a diabetic coma. Then he thought of Micaela: They weitg married! ,<._.§_2!. She was a bitch. He thought she'd gone back to Spain to sell the information she'd gathered about England in her years with him! Damn! But he wrote to her at her theater in Madrid, told her if she'd come home over the Brenner Pass he'd meet her up there- and yes, he'd marry her in the Church. 453) Details of Micaela‘s adventures in summer and fall 1616 have been preserved in two accounts which fit together to make a clear story. Both her lovers were writers, and each tells his view of what happened, Kit in his ciphers, Lope in eleven letters he wrote to his patron, the duke of Sessa. Here's a paraphrase of these letters. A copy of selections from them, in Lope's own words, can be found in the Appendix. (54; On 6 August, Lope wrote from Valencia that he met la /oca [Micaela] as she got off the ship. He'd been waiting for her for weeks—had a horrible cold from waiting for her—he felt awfu|—he was a wreck. The http ://www.geocities.com/chr_mar|owe/marlowe. html 05/1 2/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 4 of 9 Sanchez Company had been playing comedies on shipboard and in Barcelona for the last month. She came to see Lope in Valencia, said he should write to Sessa that in her the duke had a slave. From Valencia she went up to Madrid with the company, and near the end of August Lope went to see her perform there. la loca looked neat, he wrote, and was good when the guitars came in. (He called her la loca because she was so standoffish.) He took her and their children to the bullfight, and later he couldn't help wishing she was the bull. Every night for twenty nights he stood and argued with her in the shadow of her door. (The great doorway of the crumbling Lujan Tower?). She must have told him that Gregorio was the best playwright in the world, for Lope wrote: "I'd very much like to see some writing made by that angel of the Palace, for after I saw the ignorance of Don Gregorio, any entanglement seems possible to me." (A mystery—Lope knew Kit‘s out—front Italian name!) About 20 of September Micaela disappeared, and Lope found a new girl, "intelligent, clean, amorous, grateful and compliant." Lope wrote that la loca told Lemos's nephew that he, Lope, "made love like a nun, and spoke more impossibilities than prayers in a parlor," and the nephew circulated these statements in a paper, "but already the caballero is repentant and knows that he was not well informed." Meanwhile, disguised as men, Micaela and her maid set off with their page, riding toward the Pyrenees and France on the way to the Brenner Pass, as Marlowe had suggested. A punishing trip; Micaela was very pregnant with a baby she and Marlowe had started early in February, before they split. (He didn't know.) From Madrid the riders would have gone through Siguenza, Zaragoza, over the Pyrenees at Bagnares de Luchon; to Toulouse, Lyon, on to Basel, Zurich—ever onward to the Brenner pass. When they arrived, Kit wasn't there. Micaela and her aides started down and got as far as the inn at Bolzano, where they had to stop: the baby came. The rest of the story, except for two notes in Lope's letters to Sessa, is told in Marlowe's ciphers. 455; Still thinking Micaela had abandoned and probably betrayed him, Marlowe started for the pass but was met on the track by her page, who informed him that Gregorio‘s wife, with their newborn baby, was waiting up at the inn. (Dumbstruck, he counted the weeks.) His ciphers describe the awful climb to the inn, how later he found a priest and actually married Micaela, how the party got down through snow to Venice and his cold old bachelor quarters — no food. On 7 October he sent a famous letter crosstown to Harry, confessing he and Micaela had been joined in wedlock and begging not to be abandoned. "I have married a wife who is poor and homely, so she will never be proud, and I'll never be jealous." (5:3) If Micaela had looked worn at that moment, it would be understandable. Harry answered (he'd promised this) by giving Kit's family a handsome apartment in the embassy house. Soon Lope wrote Sessa, "there came a maidservant of that person and told me her life and miracles since she left here, and they are such that till today I have not returned to my senses." And in one more letter, "Neither when I'm alone or with someone do I remember that base woman, especially since I learned her low tricks. They write to me that they regret." (57; I616 — a very rough year. Marlowe didn't learn till May that Cervantes was dead of diabetes in Madrid. Shakespeare died at Stratford from a fever said to have been contracted after a meal with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton. Marlowe's almost-promised pardon was shelved, and though his most powerful friends asked James to send Gregorio something to make up for his lack of pay while he'd been in charge of the embassy, the king figured it was cheaperjust to send a nice letter, which he did, on the next—to—last day of the year. Kit and Micaela lived together in their separate apartment in the English embassy house in Venice, and besides the baby born in the mountains they had three more children. (59; One afternoon in late spring, 1618, at a play—party in Harry Wotton's big living room, Micaela sang and danced as the Jailer's Daughter (Kit played the Jailer) in the very first performance of The Two Noble Kinsmen, which had been sketched out as a farce by Kit and John Fletcher. (60) Fletcher was in town with lots of English actors—and probably with his brother Nathaniel, who'd been Harry's first chaplain at the embassy. (51) Many of Kit and Harry's friends had come to Venice to help defuse the Quevedo-Osuna plot, and the play—party was a kind of victory celebration. The secret half-brothers Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, and Henry Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, were there, playing the title roles. Harry Wotton played sound—effects on the cello, and Micaela Lujan's appearance in the show that day may have been her farewell theatrical performance. (52) Notes 1. Christopher Marlowe was doing jobs overseas for State Secret Sevice before and after his BA. His absences from Cambridge are carefully tabulated. Wraight, A. D., and Virginia Stern. In Search of Christopher Marlowe. NY: Vanguard Press, 1965, p.69. In 1587 he was absent February on through every term. That he was scouting for Drake is suggested by Drake's intention, that April, to find and damage Spanish galleons which had just been laded for the Armada. Thomson, George Malcolm. Sir Francis Drake. NY: Wm. Morrow, 1972, chap. 14. Back 2. A contract requisitioning supplies for the Armada out of Seville, where Guevara was headquartered. Cervantes did get this job. In April, after five great galleons laded at Lisbon had moved around to harbor out http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/1 2/O3 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 5 of 9 of sight at Cadiz, Cervantes rode, fast, Lisbon?—one day in Toledo—and on to Seville. He didn't go home—- he hung out in Seville all summer, though his pay didn't start till September. Byron, William. Cervantes, A Biography. Garden City NY: Doubleday 1978, pp. 311, 312. Byron writes, p. 312: “Cervantes was on the run. Everything known about his subsequent actions tends to confirm the notion." Jack 3. Cervantes stammered. ibid., p.42: "his tongue in knots." In Don Quixote I, chapter 4, Quixote, carried away, speaks "without stammering." In chapter 20, he speaks "with a faltering tongue." Kit stammers in the exciting places throughout his ciphers. He refers to his own intermittant impediment in an anagram in Bargrave's Polisie. Back 4. His first secret job was in summer 1568 (for Mateo Vasquez), when Cervantes partnered with Pedro Lainez, chamberlain to don Carlos when Carlos died that July, locked in a tower. Byron mentions the sad occasion. op. cit. pp. 74-75. Back 5. "Manco" ciphers in 3 Henry VI, 1 Henry IV, Timon ofAthens, and more. Baclg 6. Drake. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1955. Thomson, George Malcolm. op. cit. Chap. 14. An intelligencer who sailed -— Kit was a sailor -— Lisbon to Ségres also informed Drake of the whereabouts of the great galleon San Felipe, the biggest haul ever for England. Drake must have been grateful. Back 7. A letter of praise. Wraight and Stern. op. clt., pp. 87, 88. Back 8. Arthur Dudley. I think Marlowe left Drake's hospital ship as it passed Aviles on its way home -— that he was wearing a fancy suit of Drake's clothes (both men were short and stocky), probably with monogram D, which helped Kit‘s undercover name Dudley. He told the authorities he'd been shipwrecked, had swum ashore and wanted to go to Madrid to talk to don Felipe. His whole statement (the original kept with Simancas documents) is printed in Ogburn, Dorothy and Charlton. This Star of England. Westport CN: Greenwood Press, 1952, pp. 1252—'56. B_acl< 9. The painter Federico Zuccaro, a friend of Francis Walsingham, had stayed several years in England in the ‘70's — made a beautiful portrait of Elizabeth. In summer 1587 he was working undercover for Walsingham and the Resistance at the Escorial and in clon Felipe's big artist's studio next to the palace in Madrid. Mary Cable. El Escorial. NY: Newsweek Book Division.1971. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1955 edition. Spanish Cities of the Golden Age, the Views of Anton van den Wyngaerde. edited by Richard Kagen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. In Chapter 1., by Jonathan Brown, "Philip II as Art Collector and Patron," Zuccaro is the subject of pp. 33-35. He was still in town when "Arthur Dudley" arrived. Experts say Zuccaro couldn't have made a sketch of Shakespeare, as Shakespeare would have been too young when the painter was in England — but of Kit, in Madrid, 1587? Back 10. Cervantes received a payoff? Byron. op cit., p. 342. Back 11. Byron. op. cit., pp. 278-292. Back 12. The Interludes of Cervantes. Transl. by S. Griswold Morley. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948. 13. Among them, his Novelas Ejemplares, with a little drama about Marlowe's daughter. Av. Republica Argentina, Mexico: Editorial Porrua, S.A., 1981. Back 14. Sancho was Marlowe. Kit speaks of this identification in ciphers, and it's made clear by many biographic allusions in Don Quixote, and one in Viaje del Parnaso. Back 15. Did she? Marlowe speaks of the mother's death in Noches de Invierno, a story book he wrote for Isabel-Elizabeth. Dr. Maria Tiepolo, Director of the Archivio di Stato, Venezia, sent me (23 Dec., 1982) a list of all the civil servants in Crete in 1594. The duke was Giovanni (Zan) Domenico Cicogna q. Gerolamo, who served from 1593 to1595. Marlowe tells us the man's daughter was Marina — Kit called her Rita (in ciphers for Romeo and Juliet Prologue and other works.) Ba 16. Marlowe married Marina. He eloped with her - her nurse went with her — in the little ship he captained; ciphers in 3 Henry VI tell they were married at the Church of Santa Maria just before they crossed the lagoon to dock at Venice. Qacg 17. Marlowe tells about it in different ciphers, over and over, and that November sent off to England, among other things, the finished Romeo and Juliet and a rewritten Midsummer Nights Dream containing 30- odd allusions to lovers or husbands indirectly responsible for the death of their ladies. If this sounds far from Spanish theater people, not really; Cervantes knew and loved Kit-and-Marina's baby girl, who survived and had an interesting life. Cervantes wrote about her. Baglg 18. Ciphers in the last part of 3 Henry VI tell of Cervantes‘ invitation. Back 19. In As You Like It ciphers, Marlowe remembers the trip to Seville and gives a day-by-day rundown of http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 6 of 9 the journey—horseback to Genoa with the cow, and by sea Genoa to Valencia, and south with a different cow and horses over rough Spanish roads and trails. .Ba§l{ 20. A play of Cardenno was presented by the King's Men at court in the winter of 1612-13 and again on 8 June 1613 Chambers, E. K. William Shakespeare, Facts and Problems. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930, vol. 1. p 519. Cervantes writes about Cardefio in Don Quixote I, the 3rd Book, Chapters 9, 13; and in the 4th Book , Ch. 8. I think that when Cervantes’ work became popular, Marlowe's play had to disappear; it came too close: if people zeroed in they might see these two authors were friends, and next they'd be revealed as friendly spies. That's just a guess. 21. Marlowe tells about the charade in ciphers for 1 Henry IV. Inability of the Spanish guns to fire properly is mentioned in Harrison, G. B. The Life and Death of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. NY: Henry Holt, 1937. pp. 114,115: "The two guns in the Puntal Fort were fired off, but the effort was too much for them; one burst, the other collapsed There was no opposition from the land.'‘ Byron, op. cit., also mentions this odd happening. 22. Intelligencers, spring of 1605. Cervantes rented a big house, used family as agents. Byron, op. cit. pp.443—453. Cervantes went up the autumn before the Peace Party; so did Francisco Quevedo. At this time the two seemed to be good friends —— "gran amistad." Marin, Luis Astrana. La Vida Turbulente de Quevedo. Madrid: Gran Capitan, 1945. p.89. (But really Quevedo was researching El Buscon.) gt 23. A series of theatrical stories. The Hispanic Society of America, on 155th St. NY, supplied my microfilm copy of Noches, a rare work discussed by Thomas Frederick Crane. Italian Social Customs of the 16th Century. NY: Russell & Russell 1971, pp. 629, 631. Though Noches is written in rather crude Spanish it's set in Venice, and Italian customs are described. Marlowe's hidden English dedication to his daughter is enclosed here in the appendix. Back 24. Crane, Thomas Frederick, ibid. footnote, pp. 630, 631 The earliest reference to Chapter 4 in Noches de Invierno as a source for The Tempest was made by a German scholar, Edmund Dorer, in an article, "Die quelle zu Shakespeares Sturm," in Das Magazin fur die Llteratur des in- und Auslandes, vol. 107 (Jan 31, 1885) , p. 77. Back 25. William and Judith Basset and the Howards and Hen Wriothesley's (foster) mother, Mary Browne, were all Catholic friends. The Bassets' own baby Elizabeth was born in 1599 and must have died in infancy, and Orphan Isabel, 4 years too old, was made a ringer. She seems to have been very tiny; there's a full length portrait of her, made about 1618, showing her — dark, looking like Kit — standing by a chair. Either the chair is enormous, or she's about 4 feet 10. (In 1982 the painting belonged to Anne Bentinck, daughter of the 7th Duke of Portland, who lived at Welbeck, home of Isabel—Elizabeth Basset's second husband, William Cavendish.) William Basset died intestate and wealthy in 1601. [jack 26. Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923. Appendix A: "A Court Calendar," p. 116. And in The Letters ofJohn Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979 , vol 1, p.182, Chamberlain writes to Dudley Carleton: "The Monday before her going the Quene was entertained and feasted by the Lord Thomas at the Charterhouse." Qaclg 27. Chambers "A Court Calendar," op. cit. p.116.The queen went to Richmond on 21 January, 1603. Back 28. Hurstfield, Joel. The Queen's Wards. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1958, pp. 301-304. A curious agreement which fascinated the author. Cecil wanted the lucrative wardship. Lord Cobham bought it first, then Ralegh, who passed it to Cecil under the table. Back 29. Smith, Logan Pearsall. The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907, vol. I footnote p. 498. Back 30. In the appendix here are the first four lines of Marlowe's ciphers in The Tempest, re the young people. 5.3% 31. Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, was recorded a principal investor in Bermuda in 1612 (as he'd been since the start of colonisation). Lefroy, J. H. Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands. London: Longmans, Green, 1877. Chapter II. Bag 32. In C. M. Senior, David & Charles Newton Abbot. A Nation of Pirates. London, Vancouver, NYC: Crane, Russak, 1976, pp. 140, 141, we read of English efforts to suppress English piracy: Between 1610 and 1614, commissions to capture pirates were granted to several port cities, "besides a joint commission for the Earl of Southampton and the Mayor of Portsmouth." Back 33. Kit did: On 23 July, 1985, the Director of the Archivio di Stato, Venezia, Dr. Maria Tiepolo, wrote to me enclosing microfilm copy of a letter sent from Domenico Domenici: Senato, Dispacci Firenze, filza xxix, cc. 132r.~134v. Venezia. Domenici wrote that Monsu de' Montis marsigliane have captured at Tunis an English [pirate] ship which was coming from Algiers with a great quantity of reales. He has also taken another good ship [a "buonavia"] and a petache. [Captured cargo was to go to the Bermuda Company.] He is at Malta, and "is said to be arming all the vessels which he takes, and he thinks it to be to his advantage, as in the case of the English ship, that they should have 22 pieces of artillery; and that he intends to procure the abandonment of the affairs of Barbary." A poorly translated copy is held in English State Papers, calendared http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/1 2/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 7 of 9 CSP Venetian 1614. A footnote to that item is part of a letter, Carleton to Chamberlain, 15 July, 0. S. 1614: "We hear of an English ship, the Tiger, taken at Tunis by two marciliane sent out against pirates." A copy of the complete letter in my file. Back 34. Marlowe's experience at Bermuda is relevant only because it's the subject of eleven chapters of Cervantes‘ Don Quixote II! Years before, Cervantes had put a touch at the end of Part One, suggesting that Sancho might become governor of an island. That was because Hen Wriothesley, freed from prison by the new King James, was given charge of the Isle of Wight, and it seemed Kit might be pardoned to be on—the— spot administrator. It was not to be. But in 1614 Marlowe was sailing to a far-away English Island, and Hen may have worked to have Kit appointed as its next governor. But when Kit's fleet arrived at Bermuda, Governor Richard Moore, a simple, irascible man, feared the raunchy, bristling armada and suspected the gift of the little ships. Marlowe came with instructions from Southampton directing changes in administration to aid the starving colonists, but these "new things " the governor violently refused to consider. The Tiger shot off to Virginia, and Marlowe went home in the other captured pirate ship, the "buonavia," leaving the scorned marciliane for the colonists. Smith, John. The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Is/es [Bermuda]. 1624. Reprint Birmingham: Edward Arber, 1884. Smith's honest early pages shadow forth the only sensible published account of the two little ships Hen Wriothesley sent by Kit. Marlowe himself makes it all clear in the ciphers of Bargrave's Po/icie. Back 35. Francisco Quevedo cultivated Cervantes as a friend, learned the man's private life story, and cruelly, with nasty distortion, used Manco's confidences to create a famous sordid novel, El Buscon. Marlowe quietly worked revenge years later, foiling Quevedo's plot to burn Venice and publicly shaming him and Osuna. Back 36. Antonio de Laredo. I first used this name tentatively, identifiying him only by eliminating other poets and writers who served this Count of Lemos at Naples. I knew Kit was there, and reading an article in Hispanic Review, Oct. 1933, "The Literary Court of the Conde de Lemos at Naples, 1610-1616," by Otis H. Green, I came on a story that made it almost a sure thing: on p. 306 is an extract from the Comentarios of don Diego Duque de Estrada, in which he tells about an impromptu farce (summer 1616); ''el Rector de Villahermosa sin dientes, a Proserpina, el Scretario Antonio de Laredo, a Pluton, y yo, el ambajador de Orfeo." Sounded like something Kit might do. But I wasn't sure till I studied Kit's second wife's departure for Spain, 1616. Back 37. The Sanchez Company ~ one of the best. Rennert, Hugo Albert. The Life of Lope de Vega. NY: Benjamin Blom, 1968. Many indexed references to its manager. Back 38. Micaela Lujan. A famous actress, singer and dancer. Her bios are in encyclopedias of music, theater and celebrities; none of those books can tell when she retired or died. In Rennert, ibid., she's indexed as Luxan, Micaela. Rennert makes some wrong guesses about her, pp. 113-115. Back 39. Marcela Carpio, b. 1605, and Lopito Carpio, b. 1607. Rennert. ibid. p.113 . Bick 40. Lope's second wife was Doha Juana de Guardo. Rennert. ibid. many index entries. She died in 1613. Back 41. Marlowe writes of it in ciphers for The Winter's Tale. In "Elegy for William Peter" he calls it his "p—p boat." (piss-poor?) Bac__l< 42. Kit's play for Micaela, L'Ippolito, signed Gregorio de' Monti. A bibliographic history of this play is offered by Clubb, Louise George. Italian Plays in the Folger Library. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki Editore, 1968, #363. The first edition appeared in 1611, a year after Kit met Micaela. 5fa_g;_lg 43. In 1610 Cervantes was stranded in Madrid by ex—patron Lemos, and scholars find it mysterious that the count so coldly left Manco. Poverty moved in. Manco took some old plays out for revival; The Dungeons of Algiers, The Spanish Gallant, The Great Sultana. Byron discusses all this, op. cit., pp. 475-478. But Cervantes was working on Don Quixote II, which appeared In 1615. (Marlowe, who'd had translated Don Quixote Ias Thomas Shelton, translated the sequel, but not till after Cervantes died.) By 44. Quevedo's idea was not new. I believe Marlowe was able to keep Lemos from taking it seriously - but when the duke of Osuna came to Naples as viceroy in 1616, Quevedo, the duke's confidant, moved quickly to implement it. Luis Astrana Marin. op. cit., p. 241: "It was necessary to make Spain ascendant in the politics of Italy, and for the Duke to show his desire to defeat the pretensions of Venice, ruin her power and knock her from her supremacy in the Adriatic and in the Oriente." _la_ck 45. Carleton had received an appointment to the Hague. Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain. ed. Maurice Lee, Jr.. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972. p. 169. [iack 46. Car|eton's |eave—taking was delayed because of conflict between Spain and Savoy. He was to wait for orders to go to mediate at Savoy, so it was he who got Marlowe the job at Padua University, through an agreement with the Venice Collegio. CSP Ven. vol 13. 28 Nov.1614. Kit tells about it in Bargrave’s Polisie ciphers. 47. Bargrave’s Polisie ciphers, included here in the Appendix. Bjgk 48. Kit wrote to Carleton about this explosion and Carleton paraphased it in a letter, 24 May, 1616, so it http ://www.geocities.com/chr_mar|owe/marlowe.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 8 of 9 must have happened early in the month. Dudley Carleton to Chamberlain, op. cit., p.201. The accident is also described in Bargrave’s Po/isie ciphers, but there Kit alters the time. Back 49. She must have left for Naples, and the theater, about the end of May. Back 50. Marlowe describes his fall in detail in Bargrave’s Po/icie ciphers, but there's also a touching quotation in Rafal, Marques de (Alfonso Pardo Manuel de Villena). Un Maecenas Espaflol del Siglo XVII. Madrid: Imprenta de Jaime Rates Martin, 1911, pp.168—171: the Duke of Estrada reviews the playlet Kit produced in June (at the time he was hunting for Micaela at Naples). Estrada says: the Secretary Antonio de Laredo was a very well-made man, in face and figure very quick and daring to speak extemporé — so much so that in other comedies he had leading roles — performing in different voices and passing himself in different places where they spoke very much — and so graceful was he in all the very different parts that spoke, that he was the fiesta of the comedy — but beyond this natural grace, a very good subject in all media. [I believe he helped Lemos make some good laws. R. 8.] Estrada goes on through the play and tells how this Laredo turned his foot wrong on getting down from his pedestal at the end of the scene, falling on those below and almost hurting them. So now we know: Kit's cover name in Naples was Laredo. Back 51. Varie poesie di mo/ti excellenti autori in morte del M.I/lustre Sig. Cavalier Battista Guarini. Venice: Ciotti, ed. Gregorio de‘ Monti, 1616. B,a,ck 52. Kit writes," to catch and kill my married wife." He had terrible memories of an early love affair with a woman named Emilia Bassano. She, too, he'd regarded as his "married wife." She betrayed and abandoned him and never let him see their son. ,l3,.,5?C[< 53. He wrote to Micaela. Bargrave’s Po/isie ciphers. Back 54. Lope's letters to Sessa about la loca — eleven of them - are printed in Barrera, D. Cayetano Albert. Nueva Biografia de Lope de Vega. The Spanish Academy, 1890. pp. 173-177. (completed in MS in 1864.) Back 55. Bargrave’s Po/icie ciphers. Back 56. Copy in Public Record Office, (State Papers) reference SP99-21-X/LO9704. (Harry kept the original.) Back 57. Barrera, op.cit, p. 175. Lope writes, sarcastic: "escribenme, sienten." _B_acl< 58. Copy in Public Record Office, (State Papers) same reference as note 56 here: SP99-21—X/LO9704. (Wm. Davenant once said he kept a letter written to his father by the king.) Back 59. Three more children. Kit writes a lot about them in Bargrave’s Po/isie. He died late in 1621, when they were still little. On 17 February, 1983, Dr. Maria Tiepolo, Director of the Archivio di Stato in Venice, sent me a kind letter saying no will of Gregorio could be found - they'd looked everywhere — but she had found a tax notice for one of Gregorio's sons, Iseppo Monte q. Gregorio, who lived 26 April 1661 in his own house at S. Luca, and about assessment of his several properties. She sent a Xerox of the original document. 60. In Bargrave’s Po/isie ciphers, Kit says he asked for John Fletcher's help in writing the work. tiaclg 61. Nathaniel Fletcher was Harry Wotton's chaplain from 1604 to 1608, and is identified as brother of John the dramatist. Smith, Logan Pearsall. The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton. op. cit, vol 1, p.48. 62. Bargrave’s Po/isie ciphers. How I came to find John Bargrave’s Po/isie may be of some interest: When I began to look for traces of Marlowe's life, I bought a paper: "Supplement to The Shakespeare Controversy 1962-1972", published by the Shakespeare Authorship Information Centre, 20 Park St., Brighton, England. 0273- 696316. There are 19 pp. of “comments on Shakespeare and the authorship controvery in recently published books." The second item is a quotation from Vita Sackville—West's memoir, Knole and the Sackvilles. Benn. 1922/1973. She writes: “ I used to tell myself stories of finding Shakespeare's manuscripts in the Muniment Room There really are some connections between Shakespeare and Knole. Everything to do with Shakespeare, however slight, is of the deepest interest." Soon, looking at my microfilm of Harry Wotton's letters kept at Eton, I came across one written by his steward Will Leete, 9 August, 1618. It had been crumpled but saved and put with the rest. Addressed to a "Mr. Bargrave," it says, "Gregorio is very thankfull to you for your good newes, hee hath delivered his patent unto my Lord to send, hee is ready to serve you in all occasions..." The editors of a published version of this collection of letters thought Will was writing to Isaac Bargrave, who'd worked at the embassy — but Isaac had a brother, Captain John. Years later, studying Bermuda and Virginia, I found Kingsbury, Susan Myra. Records of the Virginia Co. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906-1935. In vol. iii, p. 607, John Bargrave says a gent. named Ignotus wrote a treatise on government in Virginia. In vol. iv, starting on p. 408, the treatise itself is printed, with title: Captain John Bargrave. A Forme of Po/isie To Plante and Governe Many Families In Virginea, Soe It Shall Naturally Depend One The Soveraignetye Of England (An anagram if ever there was one). Papers of Lord Sackville. Document at Knole Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. The steward at Knole doesn't lend documents from its Muniment Room, but the USA Government Print Office copy is honest, decipherable, and worth hard work, for it contains what is probably Kit's last memoir. http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Page 9 of 9 The APPENDIX consists of selections from Lope de Vega's letters about la /oca, as printed in Barrera's Nueva Biografia de Lope de Vega, and Marlowe's ciphers in: — his translation of Q_g,_nmQ_g1}gQte, part I; — _Iym.9 ; — Noches de Inv/erno; — Romeo and Juliet Prolog; — I/1,5 WI‘ ’ Ie; — Barge: so/isle; — DD.15-16 in ; — p. 24 in _3 Henry VI; — pp. 10-19 in — and in The Terr_ig_e_s_t, lines 1 & 2, 3 & 4. The Home page of Roberta Ballantine's site dedicated to ghristophernarlowe Contents of Roberta Ba||antine's site dedicated to Christopher Maflgyye Roberta Ballantine e-mail: l_)ertaba(a}o_o_mcast.net 954 Virginia Drive, Sarasota, FL, 34234, USA Copyright © 2003 Roberta Ballantine All rights Reserved http ://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/marlowe. html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe Page 1 Of 3 Plays Cast Aiming Sheet ll!l:Lisi:: $0.. . . CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE This biography was originally published in Elizabethan and Stuart Plays. Ed. Charles Read Baskerville. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1934. pp. 307-308. Purchase Elays by Christopher Marlgm Christopher Marlowe—-the name is also spelled Marly and Marlin in the records——was born in 1564, the son of a well-to—do shoemaker and a clergyman's daughter. He was educated at King's School in his native Canterbury and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1584 and M.A. in 1587. The privy council intervened to see that his employment on some confidential mission for the government, in which he had proved "orderly and discreet,“ should not put him at a disadvantage in the matter of his M.A. degree. For the remaining six years of his life there is evidence of exceptional activity. Apparently he continued to serve as a confidential agent for the government; he engaged in the philosophical or theological speculation of a circle centering around Raleigh; he achieved distinction by his non—dramatic verse, of which the unfinished Hero and Leander is the most important example and he became the outstanding dramatist of London, in association chiefly with the Admiral's Company of players. Many details of his life were a source of scandal to some of his contemporaries, and for us are still shrouded in mystery. In May, 1593, a manuscript was discovered in possession which he declared to be Marlowe's left’ with Kyd in 1591 when he was in the service of a noble lord for whose players Marlowe was writing. The document-—merely a copy of part of a theological treatise already published——though unitarian in nature, was atheistic in the eyes of the orthodox. Testimony as to blasphemous conversations on Marlowe's part was also produced. Before the privy council took definite action about the charges, Marlowe was killed. Puritan disapproval of his connection with the stage and of his free—thinking perhaps influenced Meres‘ statement that he was stabbed "by a bawdy serving-man, a rival of his in his lewd |ove." Records discovered by Hotson merely show that he was stabbed in a tavern in Deptford by Friser, one of three companions who also were, or had been, in the service of the government. The procedure of the coroner's inquest by which Friser was exonerated is regarded by some modern students as regular, by others as an attempt to cover official secrets or even a political assassination. ,;.;£;,,g,,,g,.,~m,,,» Marlowe was buried on June 1, 1593. ‘ an Ia_m_b_u[[a_/'ne, unanimously accepted as Marlowe's first play, was attracting attention by 1588, when Greene in the preface to - . - Perimedes the Blacksmith speaks of "atheist Tambur|aine" in what is pretty clearly an attack on Marlowe. Evidence of his authorship is .. chiefly to be found in the character of the play, however. The two 6%? agmw! parts were published together anonymously in 1590, with some omissions, as the printer's preface indicates. Perhaps the success of the first part led Marlowe to write the inferior second part in which Tamburlaine is followed to his boasting and unrepentant end. A Renaissance interest in the oriental conqueror and his barbaric passions and display, surviving no doubt in part from medieval story and drama, and stimulated by new contacts with the East, is reflected by the popularity of the type on the London stage. The story of Tamburlaine apparently held an especial fascination for writers, and had become mythical before Marlowe created his http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/marloweOO1.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe Page 2 Of 3 conqueror. Marlowe seems to have consulted a number of historical or pseudo—historica| accounts of the East for his material, and even contemporary geographical works for some of his sonorous references to distant places. In this first play Marlowe developed his "mighty line," as Jonson calls it, and made it a fit instrument for the intense and passionate characters created by him. While at times, especially in Tamburlaine, his style approaches bombast, his swelling periods and bold figures contributed greatly to the effectiveness of tragic style in his successors. Doctor Faustus has usually been assigned to the winter of 1588-89, but recent scholars like Tucker Brooke and Boas (in his edition of the play for The Works and Life of Mar/owe under the general editorship of Case) argue for the date 1592. The German Faustbuch, translated into English, seems to have been the source, and there is evidence that this was not published before 1592. The first certain record of the play is of its being acted for HLris,_,l,__c)m in 1594. The problem of the text is a difficult one. The earliest known edition was not published until 1604, and it contains some material which bears evidence of composition after Marlowe's death. Some scholars trace Dekker's hand in this version, possibly through revision for acting in 1594. Apparently the serious parts of the play have been cut, with an enlargement of the spectacular and comic scenes of conjuring and dancing, the sort of thing always loved by the London populace. In 1602 Henslowe paid William Bird and Samuel Rowley for "additions“ to the play. Presumably these were included in the enlarged edition which came out in 1616. The new material in this version, though added to the poetic scenes, is still primarily of a spectacular nature, and does not often suggest Marlowe. Boas argues that Rowley collaborated with Marlowe from the beginning, contributing most of the original comic prose as well as many of the later verse additions. Accordingly he constructs a composite text for the play, but one based primarily on the edition of 1616. It is, however, in the tragic portrayal of the scholar who, irked by the limitations of academic studies, purchased supreme knowledge and power with his soul, that the play represents Marlowe at his best, in spite of the imperfections of the surviving texts. Edward II was entered in the Stationers‘ Register on July 6, 1593. The first complete edition known was printed in 1594 with the statement that the play had been acted by the Earl of Pembroke's players. The winter of 1592-93 is suggested as the date of composition by indications of maturity in the play and by the fact that Pembroke's Company was prominent in London only at that time. The source is Ho|inshed's Chronic/es. Edward 11 represents a great advance over the known plays on English history that preceded, and is the best of Marlowe's work in construction, in characterization, and in sustained tone. Against a background of the fierce feudal barons, Marlowe has drawn a very effective picture of the sentimental and weak but stubborn king. Of the three (remaining) extant plays by Marlowe, the most important is The Jew of Malta, written possibly around 1590. It was being played for Henslowe early in 1592, and was entered in the Stationers‘ Register early in 1594. The earliest form to survive, however, is an edition by Imgavs Heywood in 1633, which has clearly been revamped. The Massacre at Paris was printed without date about 1593. Dido, Queen of Carthage, printed in 1594, was written in collaboration with Thomas Nashe. It has been claimed that Marlowe had a hand in several other extant plays, particularly in the two parts of The Contention of York and Lancaster, which are versions of S_h.a.ke__s,p.ear__ejs Second and Third Parts of Henry VI. Purchase Books about Christopher Marlowe Search g_B_ay_! for Christopher Marlowe collectibles http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/mar|owe001.html 05/12/03 Christopher Marlowe Page 3 Of 3 FURTHER STUDlES: 0 Characteristics of Marlowe's Work - A brief analysis of the dramatic works of Cristopher Marlowe. . _C_hr_is_tQvp_l_1_e__r_[\_/_l_a_rlgyl1,e - A biography and list of related links. 0 Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) - A biography of Christopher Marlowe, plus links to purchase all of his works currently in print. - Christopher Marlowe: Monoloques - An index of monologues by the English dramatist. - §;h_,r_i,s__t9nh§.r_M_edg\LLe;_E9ems. - An index of poetry by Marlowe. . Find more articles on Christopher Marlowe Back to Christopher Marlowe Index Find more articles on CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE: 5' ’ 5-5357?’ ‘Christopher Marlowe _l_-tome ~Theatre Links - Theatre News - Script Archive - E,ma,l| -© 2000 TheatreHistory.com http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/mar|oweO01.html 05/12/03 The contents of CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE site Page 1 of 2 Ciphers on the Shakespeare monument at Stratford on Avon, chapters from three tales about Christopher Marlowe, anagrams by Marlowe in his literary works, including Shakespeare works. Contents of a CHRISTOPHER MARLO WE site, by Roberta Ballantine PART I The chapters from the books: Book One: The Momzer. Chapter IX: Sussex and Kent, early August and back to May, 1573 Book Two: The Honest Men. Chapter IV: Enqland, Late October, 1585 — January, 1585/ '86 Appendix to the chapter - Christopher Marlowe's ciphered messages, contained in: 1. The Traqedie of Doctor Faustus (from The Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe, 2nd ed., Fredson Bowers, ed.) 2. Measure For Measure (First Folio of Shakespeare) 3. All.Y.s_.we,!J__Ihat_§n_cJ_s__!liell (First Folio of Shakespeare) Book Three: Mori Mihi Lucrum. Chapter XII: London and Kent, December, 1592 Appendix to the chapter — Christopher Marlowe's ciphered messages, contained in: 1. __I-_Ie_n;1__l_[I Part I (First Folio of Shakespeare) 2. t__'_yWl_/ I (First Folio of Shakespeare) 3. The Taming _____ ,h_e__$h ew (First Folio of Shakespeare) PART II Christopher Marlowe, Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Micaela Lujan Appendix to the article -- Christopher Marlowe's ciphered messages, contained in: —— his translation of Don Quixote, part I; —— Txmon of Athens (First Folio of Shakespeare); — ivoche.s.&‘I.e..I.nMietzz9; — R .e Prolog (Q2) ; — The Winter's Tale (First Folio of Shakespeare); ~ Q ; — pp.1S«16 in yflljl/, (First Folio of Shakespeare); -— p. 24 in ,3 (First Folio of Shakespeare); —— pp. 10 -19 ou Like I_t (First Folio of Shakespeare), — and in The Ten_1g_e_s_t, lines 1 & 2, 3 & 4 (First Folio of Shakespeare). L4o|3