HE HISTORY' GR IP OF THE HISTORY GUP OF THE COMMUNIST PKRTY o on is open to all members of the ) Communist Party interested in hiBtQrye - l ? There is an annual subscription of 10/Q, for which members receive free copies of "@ur.History" and of the occasional publica- tions of the Group? as well as A notice of all meetings, public and private discussions arranged by the Group. - ‘ ' Q The Group exists to forwsrdethe e study and writing of history’? i s £rom.s Marxist standpoint, to put its members working in the same fields in touch with one smother, and to Organise discussions of nutual interest. Noses or THE snows may subscribe to "Our History" through ' Central Books Limited, 57 Greys Inn Reads Londone'W@C.ls 10/Q per year post frees Members 1111 have noted that ur nbibliegraphy under the above title has new been pnhlishede The Gemmittee would welcome information about errors and emissions and about new publications (books? }snphlets and articles) for inclusion when the time arrives for the publica~ tion of s new edition. Please nets that further copies of "Marxism and History" can be obtained from the History Group ~ price 15/» (postage 8d)» All correspondence to: ~ L Secretary? ,_ His tory Group, ope 5;, _’ __ , 16 King Stree%}* n I.lQI1dQnc Well Q 21¢; The Secretary would like to hesr from.members no are interested in local history and in the tapes recording of interviews wiflh L Labour movement veterans who have valuable experiences-to relsfiee FOREWQRD Frida Knight, the author of this pamphlet9 is working oh a foil biography of'Wil1iam Fronds In this essay she publishes extensive quotations from. . Freud's writings during the period lo®9el5, with jest suffioieht biographical material to exp1aih.Frend°s baohgroohde .is the author suggests, Freud's horror of war and the diffioulty he foohd is judging between oomhatahts has familiar eohoes in our own days This makes these oohtemporary oomments of more than mere historioai ihteresta Freed ioohd it most diffioult L \ to weight the merits of religious freedom whish.Napoleoh brought ~ the¢ a restriction of the horrors of the Inquisition, for example e against the. politioal tyranny which aooompahied its 0'- Frend was capable of flashes of prophetio insight, as witness his remarks " about future ‘black universities“ or the oommeht "to how great advantage human industry might be appliedg when it has for its ohjeot the happiness not the destruotion of mahkihd"@ He had as ihstihot that the future lay with the oommon people; this emerges in his oommehts on Spain and Latin Americas He understood the foree of popular nationalism, as his remarks on Norway reveals It is hardly surprising that like many progressives L he saw no potential for suoh_dewelopments in Gaarist Russia, and reported Alexander I favourablye t i It would, however, be anachronistio to expect from.Frend, a Cambridge graduate andfimglioan priest turned Unitarian, any real analysis of the deeper a causes and trends in the Napoleonic Wares 'What does emerge is his hatred of the senselessness, the wastefulness and the inhumanity of the war, _ and his oontempt for the 'sagaoioes politicians’, “the eongregated sovereigns .e little better than a set of bandits met together to divide thei: plunders‘@ Frida Knight has not attempted to omit those judgements of Freud which 3 reveal him as less peroipiehi. This is oohtemporary oomment, not an i Q anthology of anachronistic ’progressiwe' OPiHi@HSe as icowwsMPoRARY"vIEw'oF*waE NAP©Lh€E€;§§? Frifia Knight ’ The name of Willis Freed is todayznmsmhas, if at ail, in two I traitors 1 oonneotionss as a orony of Charles Lash? who wrote a hioe verse playing on his name ("Freud of the friendless, friend of all mankind“), and as the idefendant in the Vioe=Chahoelior°s Gosrt at Gamhridge in l?95§ where he was' aooused of writing a blasphemous and seditious pamphlet, found guilty of offending against university laws? and banished from the Alma Meters’ The_ case aroused widespread indignation hat the sehtenoe was hot surprising at that time, when Pitt”s witoh hunt of Radioals was at its height? and anyone who expressed anti~war views, as Freud emphatioelly did, was treated as a 'WilliamiFrend deserves, however, to be resoued from oblivion for other \ .. reasonsa He was a good mathematioiahg eeohomist, astronomer, a fervent % Y eduoationalist, and a fighter for Reform throughout his long life; his passion for sooial justice and international understanding are revealed in his many letters, recently unearthed, which range from 1784 to 184 and show that he was actively involved in almost all the nod oausesn f his days Erend;.tas.the".son of a respectable wine merchant, twice Mayor of .G.anterbu.ry‘,-elrho. want '-t enter the family businesses Frend jlmior however insisted on to study at Gambrie with a view to entering the Ghuroh - swhioh the did, but only for a short four yearss While preauhing and his church and Sy School at Madi@ley._.village,y Frend. gave- esp -thot@to'the ourrentndispute over the rights of Dissenters, and "t dootrinal questions. He same toithe oonelusion that Dissenters werebeing treated . that nmuehhof ourrent ortho_.dd-.was un- ao oeptable to a lioal, ra.tionaln.,-minde . After much hear.t==-searohing he beoame a Unitarian, resigning his? living \ .and.,driski.ng.:.his position at J esns Gollee. t After his first anti--‘Erinitarian ..pamphlets.-the-Mast.er f the college refused to. let oontinue as.t.1utor.., tFrend.rpersisyted pamphlets and~joined the locale Radical oirole, .in.to their.-.aotivities against the Slave Trade, for Dissenters' rights, and for Parliamentary Reforms It was his pamphlet on Reform, entitled t."'.Peao.e-- d.rende.d‘§?p,_ ywhieh, sensed the. furore in the University, \' y.h.e;eanse ofithet plea, pesos in the.ap.pendix. ’£ t , . When t5'banished'! .tfr_om...Cambr:idge.. the autumn -of-.l793@ Fronds went 156 live in Loon,rma.k.ing. ends meet by teaching and, writing. hooks. onttalgehra .t..l.ne.oo s; he took up plitioalr ao.tivity,ss Francis Plaee who mash Lon C.orre.s.po Socie.ty. The L-ecese had revived, tafter-.a bad spell during the tress trials. of -1792-94, and was ho many _meets,; spre anti.-»war tprodawand. forming.t.-new. groups. up sandendown. the country. When the Society was . suppressed by the Aet of 1796 "against , publication of anti-patriotio ideas" members were sarrested and gailaed; “Freud worked. energetically to collect money for these prisoners and their ast destitute families. A oollectimnsheet which survives shows that -.thos:e he approached for contributions .aer.e._snoh~.i prominent people as .Whithr.e9 Lord Grey, Butt "(Priestley s bigrapher) and Hoe "Took, with whom he was on familiar terms. He led a full social life, eounting among his nfri the Lambs, " Holbrook, the . Milbankes, the Lindseys, anddmany me intellectnalss . At the turn .f.' the sluggish; it was that wartime period; the country felt; or appeared t. feel, ‘itself threatened by an invasin from Frances" A "of. *m.triotism sweptlingland, and all remnants ff refing zeal temari-ly. disappeared. from the scenes Freud. pped out of politieal aotivi ty and ooncentrated. s his tea (one of his pupils was Lord oxford? s son, another was Annabella Milbe, the future Lady Byron) and on his works In 16 he became an Aotuary for the newly feed sflook Insurance G, and in r l._ married Miss Blaokburne, other f the oelebrsted Arohdeaoon, who bore him seven childrent Although Frend had little time for public work, -he managed to keep up with ourrent affairs, and was given an assignment on the Unitarian periodical "The Monthly Repository": this was the regular production of a several 4 Page; 4 . thousaiélwwtri "Q§hfiatim‘Ls-t li@rlem t@rli°"" O ljtbli ~a vastt averages 1 t1@'ab@‘Q1‘13. *yi.;h'e.iim.i imrtanti tr 'inteizj@eitin%g~<¢§ -the "war, "the: 'nati@na,l sttmmyg z=@'ligin9- tulture, it it @fi@i._the ttrld =» India, Chimg Smith Amerita ~=» "presieiiting this as newt 9 "tut fim a fiéfifilififit twi individual tiewpuint 0 anally tht main tiitjtt M‘ tit Suwty was the ttatt @f the Haptleonié Wart» These bigan in l§,, after a ahtrtwlivtd pitta illfiwi the previous hstilititsg and temtiimti it l2 ytarsgiuriig smith Eiemi wmneitt month in, . mtmth tut, in atery imtrtant ®V®T€lfi9 explainingg lametimgg ftmlminat, smnetimes prtphesyié This was a. mitt remarkable athietemtntis tit 8.3E"tll@8 still sftiikt tit, by SSQ ti trgenty 9 their 8.-tI!1@8Ph@l°»@.§ timing tlmm fine has the feling’ that théfié things "mit ht iappeningt ‘(ii iiatti very similar things 825),; -£@I° thitg is well fer. their biattiit iittieitg it is - perhaps with f@lltwixw**F‘rittii thast ititi '8.fld.i;.%ifi'!1l.i§‘i@'&l"S Q i <. 4"- Befeere tit. ieriis. .8.‘E§8.E‘@@@ the Frenth. had bean, -Clfiffifiitfifi. by Hal Hlialamwn almsai vittary ates: iuatriaid ~ -».&iiL£I%t@li'$Z' (15) and it 16 defeatai mi P'i°1issims-a.t' Jena.»-_ In 1% ‘§&ET'f".hy Frenth trw, in mrdmi tn maintain Etaleangs bmther Jtseph on the threat in Miitid ==» the begizining=-@£=.the ~~six years" Penam. War 5% %‘Q@Rtifi@Rit&li biaien by Hagaleen 9 whoa e amiea .wf;a"t 1bhe->.i Europe‘ “ "ms him? : the "me. ivtxtsg the ~ frunttline rang: but that bm1t‘if‘"iin~:':m1."S1m@y9 ;. the. lag yams .f Walcheren jtt" Waterlg 7&8 tttitn; e:f»Hai": .its@l£§,, while retising the '@@©H6mifi="2‘-- far itg he refu ta-= atttpt it as & methd af settling i disputeso Time. .md time in,‘ he ext. agt. the »er and ~*@h@ W9-$'$@"9 -iII!P1l@r.E1m@pe“i lwitn ma.ke>§--tic ~- " ~ ‘ . 0 A tyPi@al it, in Emit lg id:.®at..aitm@@ii ti ifiaple" at G9 after thabattleii“ W9 mats "The ‘mice ti‘ thy bI°'th&1’-"°$'"’@l;@@Q trieth tt me fmm the i earth == hg that this verse _ re " tha text fbr. stem’ Qhnrth ..@hl‘?i8't@R@9 till mmkind. iwerei tbrught it-a time sense of the value f mman lifti " t -89$ it ht .d;@atm>yiz1g* ~ I ;§1$§EE"~“3'.ih&V@t bttmi b.1@.@fi¢»- " A isfit htirible. e" ,. M Mfhefziist has mi mfiimig, mm - ' it ma. "fir blatdg. ta flmsé await .lt it be ilaii‘? thgsiides tanmt ma [rights where am the pmathersl @f ptatt -and tiwiill t trds men‘? L is it that we till. timseltis .Qhl?I;iQT@l&-H8* m. ytrt @llf.f@E~ @lli°B@lV’@S 't® be lei iawayiwith. "similar magi is laid was-ta the wtrlii ‘ _ . _ ~ . Qmmlmflam mt- pihlishei i l@mgma,mi£e@t@ ii Zjtstmtititi ®f mttiauat, mi the -Frenah pert?‘ his laid mire th1@"w@*rld tht gmi ti’ his prmeeiingso Wilt thall dttidt betwten them‘? will tht blad :5 l £60 mtng the burning 0f ‘ Pege Fear V eitieee the murders ef women and ehildren make the qeeetien eleerer? Henrible theugeti In this age ef the werldg ere men fie be teqght the first ruiimente ef humanity?” ' Qf the invaeien.ef Spain, he wrete (Mereh.l®®?) “War nee reignee triumphant in ell ite~herrere 96$ new eeenee ef &eveeietien-ere.eeeetimg~ epen.te the Viewoeoen e Qf the Eiege ef Seregeeees.'"Te'whet }UEP@8@eao-i8~ this deeeletien ewe thie,weete.ef human bleed ooe?%‘ ~ _ e, -fie ~ r Anetherexeeerment-theme ie the %eil influeneew=e£-Remee,Cethelieiem9 which lee Frend,te»ee@perteKepeleen@e bide fer peuer»im»Ieely~eee~$§ein¢‘When Jeeeph wee installed en the threneein.Medrid, flee»Survey=helf»grudgingly marvels et the reeieteeee gate} by the "erieeteriddenfi Spanish peeyles Waco The eneenrel leve-ef independenee will ge"e .greet way“ eee “when ifi ie eidee by the eewereeef-eeeeretieiee the mind is raised teee~degree~e£»rege-ene-~»» eeirengeh ¢¢¢’th@ priests bring ferkh their ifiele and their wefee gees te inepirit the P@FUl3$@aeow e * ~~ »~~'~ e _ __ _ . . _ .~. ,.-v ¢--. ».. Ee@eleen'e enlightened ieeee ef eivil gevernment were were eeeepteble to Frend.fihen these ef.the fiepeeed Spemieh regimeg whieh e British expeiitionary" force wee sent t@"r@§t@EEe @The Inquieitien ie deetreyed”, he exeleine with evident $&€iBf&@ti@Er@fiTm.iR+l@@§3 "The eeuninyeeeeeeveeeee»hy=eeeet~e£ lazy ifile prieete~wheebettened en its wealth @@¢ A Spaniard will me lenger ee efereed fie fell dewe en»hie knees te eneeeefl.up delles and the variene 0 ehemieetiene ef e pepieh ehureh anew Freud heped, evidentkyg that fihe \$pemieh §eeple»weuld,.enee erme were in their hands? threw~off beth the e religieue and the fereign eppreeeeres Speaking ef “the regeneretien ef Spain", .he.edded that "Spain exhibits et the present mement a wenderful eighty a netien in erme fie reeever ite libertieee“ (Auguet»l3@9)_.ee _» ~e Feeneie,eeti~eethelieiem.eame ant, tee, in eeprevel~ef~Eepeleeniee meeeuree in Itelye 'WAn erder bee been ieeued by theIFreneh»§enerel fer the eereinele te qeix Reme mes The pretended hely father wee terribly elexmed @¢¢ Gee gret them hiemtyrenny maymet again revive2~ ~thet hie pretenses efi infellieility may become the leuhing eteek ef ell menkinee“ Hemever hie hepee"were~dieeppeintedse in.Auguet9 enceureged”by»the~eppeereeee.ef the British fleet eff Neplee, "the Pepe,exeemmeeiceted hie eeemieeg refueing te teke.Beneperte“e effer ef e very liberal ellewenee @o@;embeldeme& by the» eppeerenee.e£ British treepe in the Bey ef Replee end treepe»leeeei in Celebriee" e M‘ V < e “Ii ear treepe~eueeeed, the inhebitente meet expeet fine return ef their former menerehfi Freni said regretfully, “end the reeteretien,ef thee _ Leeerenig" ~~e e » ~ ~ He did net disguise hie hopes ef Nepeleen eleering the werld ef Papeey em&.ether "eupereeitieue religienee" "Having freei Spain frem its eerrid iequieitiee, its prieete end its menke, he may prebeblyelewer the ereeeent ef Mehemet end reeeue the Greek church frem.the tyranny ef its masters and its ewe vile euperetitieneg" (June l@@9} In the £3 1 .‘§‘1'i@Ki1fi» wafi writing af @V@$ naarw ;h@m@,,, Lwhzleh 3-ea h&PF@@-iflfifi Ifiéw %P$l*§82@m&lly i@§_’@lV_@§.9 {&3l1(§3.W}Z‘Ei@h arme fr@m;€ ‘ F Q Th@ 22513 the gizs mra "mtfci wt 1.:@ ZI;.%®E1Sl.=,y;- r-wéay-Yifwt-%*%$h@ml&;‘gay; @S@ail@"l'5® .A§n@@$»@h_$rQ %3w@p@~5* , In mail? ’@;1; Pam; %@@@@;riw¢@@> = tyiag @r< % §@1i@y§~%~@m-_@ b@;mbax“&m$;11?t and 04?? 0 ‘V .e~@mm@@-$15 1§$@ @m H W@1"'@h I“@P1;”5-"~‘“<’*1'?3~11@£sA*;*%;,3»n;k; ifgaw @;£“ . . ”@* -3% f by Afiém m&}f§ I 1 $8 @317 @@fits;* fiamkeé Wm-B % §Th@§@i@;§¢§,§é?fi§ “ bitanm ¢§h@;@ii@@§».@@iv@@- m*@~w@a@ vb v@@1“@ ' @@@% @f %i1i@¢ 3% W mars i=1w¢@ 1&r~@1=1 w "e * 1 h;*‘@@»‘$i~'@‘§ 33$-%5r 5 E*@&r,éd- ay<@iith ‘fiha Ewpaa % M‘ mimly ' i ~~ 7 1 ' »p@@f@@%fii @%n*‘§§;g-y%e,% flgaillf ;f@T:.~ the? wid.@ws€ @r;@%*:~»m@t~@ this fire- -'f' _ \ 3‘ - »' 1- | has-i.mafi@L;" ” ' _ ~ ' - , ._ - '¢;' . ...4 1 -.. \ ‘v. " . |__ . ~' _. I I “"’Driv@*n £b._@1;$;@&f;-%;~b§’ ‘tfifif __w@ 1 1 5% . _ »dg fllgwgn @;@ .. _ M ‘Em-1“ A @£_ h@E1$@@§» mafia? ~}fiM;‘.w@mém_. ._ . @hi.lé;1.*@n, 5str'i£1@k",- h&i?:2;*@zé%? weéy ‘bréast 7'f@:1? tw@ ts. and 2,- At last ‘a wlam pause ensued; interrupted anly by a@bs~a.nd; sigas . _ $3-*°@&fi@§ 2 hsra a-%_m.@,ther was up the mmgle& liws- .@£ the ‘ ~ fififiilé-‘ ’@ha:fi % ta» ¢f_;:5.°'@3fm. ¢th@,.,§,@s@m.tg ~@i‘.p1,@a.aure9 haw‘ LA ' '§§m‘?@@;€~< >iBi3$@ $1-i@8»éfi¢:: @3i-@,‘@1l@%111$7§@rab_le@;}" wag ¢L;1~%j:<'c.'§i};';.,@m'.;*~'i'aa., < i‘ a*th@i2=‘ éas? -writ . @f ‘am séng J ;tne;Yhma»‘b>a§n ma seal>.@ fm: 1 big-1bm~@@~_§ fimd the; @%‘§i§E@fi@@§l%i@with h@r1?@:@9 was wmamplatimg A» ~ film wrwkv M? family, $m@h; wsra the »@&lfamti@s e@asimae& y ishis t1'1@m@z>:ae.i@ms 1Z?ire , hm‘: “film great imprvamemta that Ah&v@ men mad@ am daylap the awfzfl, wrk f destrt1@ti@:m _‘ Smh are >‘3h@.< ~m@n@a -pr.odu@@db§r»w@m_M;§~ ' * .i _ , ,_ J ' 6 ' ‘.' 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Qpinimz w:‘:l.ll~~®@~» s@>£~wzm\i--~~by-~%@$h@er>»m@d.@s 5 thafi @f if°@r>i@@8 % wfi fihe 1.mistrumentas: f d@§st1?m§@tion1 will ‘M @@fiv@§°t®@ ~% "‘3h@.i§° F1”*P@3@;"§1il“iP%@$@ 9L ’6h@ mm.» @p@a%@@;:@¥% if ' I Free eeye that the reeeee fer the eperetien wee that We went we embrel the Sehelét, bet "te Freneh prebeiely well prepeeefi newe" The eeventegee were eegligibles We may step trade with Antwerp é. keep Weleherem but little meree” _ A e In eber ewe“.-leeern that ‘*8 G Q 43* ell "the intelliee..,£m,.fieleheren is ef ee melenehely e nature that sueh an attempt (ef _"ee§.ee.fee- dieelmge" fr nie».~eeaete)~ie Q bee-emfie ‘@@I°I”ibl@ heveek with mar tre :1 0 Q Shipleeee eeme ewe? -fm "the pleeeg: but “me ner. ef graves the 9 iillednfby the. firglieh, will dweent reeedwte ee eleteefi generetiefl’ ~ - 4 ~ ~ ~ ' - Fer then-eemiee, Fl‘?.&Efi. bx “the em reiiee 9 ~- but mueh mere ,e the weeter ~~ ptreetien, the "'$fpifitg§' whieh were very eheap, mmixee - ear; ifhe unripe fruit with .e>hieh=-the eeleeree were full, ~ Pt It 0 0 9 The -men’ahl-gye eereileetee. publzm eipinlee eeee we-1-1% ee mt; e it wee generally felt that the exeditie me been em‘ tigeteé. eeteetrephe, gevet were t@..bm@e E‘rend.w1=>et;e9 veie pzieveilim disquiet, that Welren wee “eke .eee.eequeeeee L ef meeezmee =e£ new ee eeel fill map ehe.eee*=e.ge. in xeweee ef eeeleee vieeerieeg. eecl eeee eet fereee fie e treeehereee er eewil-l_ieg_.eelliee@ 6 e ‘W em éefe. wee. eee. te **‘i*i@eref, imbeeility~,bigetry”?,=thread bed. -“'9' and Freed eenezmreee 5 - ..-r- 3 .‘_ ' - . g _ __ . .~ . , - ‘V.-» _ ~ - _ '.E“heerevelatieneeef- eerrepftiee. Lend ieeempetenee pleeeeg elearly .eeted. ieefefzieieneyg le he "e emejer-» es it wee di.eevere_- that fiche»-Duke ef 'Ye_ek“e mimtreee wee ,giv._.emw>~ peete ,m the ...t}1we wee ee @ee.rt_ hmllebelleee . memhere ef -Pezélt ed an int Weleheren dieeeter end. its eeueee 9 em. gevexrerefieeel fie ellee plie * ef the matter lee "t e preteet by eeeyemageeeeel, Jnee, ,:i.eer ef e. leeel Debating §3eeiefiy@ Fer his 1 prteet ereune: Weemieeer, Jenee wee emeeted impri»eeeed¢ ‘Ehie eterteel the ”Bul?e“i:~t- mien -Freed. reperted in meek eeteil, ee he wee e. 6 5 peree.e.£z:=ie~ef~ e“e'~th.e Bmenee" we fllew the - ivem elesely indeed; , z Sir Freneiee m:cle=tt,,e the highly epufllm fereweetetere teak up Jenee' ease and pulieheéi e etrong letter in Ceb‘eet’¢'e Weekly Register, fer %which he weeerdered, by e very .mell mejeifty e£e.the~Eee.ee f C, he be emleetee<-tier.-eentempt eifi Eerliamentg a.nc1¢ta:kele,~- tee-the -Teeezre ~ e ' e This wee enly; eehieved after several edays. ef eme,ee.deme.netretiens» in Piccadilly euteide Bureettge heuee, frmmhieh hee refused te meve, end. meek skimieingbetween theuemde ef his eenetituente ehe milieiee A veet eeneem:-ee ef peeple fellwede the prime eeeeh te Tewe:e~,~ ~ -rietim, e eenetezre by sheet, reeultee in eeveral e fihe et wee hel fer three ‘menehe 1 released Parliament :ees.e_ in June; He eve the huge demnetretin erg=enieeé.- fr him by Frenei Pleee, "felippieg eat by ee ek deer and geie hemei1a~e~beet up ‘fiche river. Frenég eh visited eenetently in prieem end wee with him in the beam mete it ell up vividly cl in great ' Pege fieten P \, O ‘JJ deteii it the Meethly Setteye ei Mey"eei Jfllyo Etetttiw tittte tee tetteiee - ~ .L tteegh eleeely tetetieg heme efieireg Feeni kept up with eteete in Etrepet twthe tteety ef peeee tetweet,iuettie and Freeee tee been retmei end ptblieheiwg he ttitee in the ieete ef fietemter it®§9 end eteeieee the eieteee9 eeeeertitg himself with the fete tet emit ei itetrie but ef the German etetee ei Wittembergh, Eeieeyg Tyiel twthe enfertunate tyeeie hete met yet eubmittei te their fete; they ere etill in eemeg ie.their ieetneeeee in the meueteine¢¢t“§§ ef Sweden (wtreeetillieieg iteeli e the lete ting end iemily ere expeetee te be teeeepettei te Fteeee”)¢ Rteeie “bee etffieient empleyment with ite newly eequitei peeeeeeiene it Fimleni.eed Eeleed eed.with the war in Terkeywe It Beeeeter9~etill eemmeetitg en the treetiee being eigeei ie.Perie9 Freud zeetee “the eplenieti? ef the ei_ty@“° He eeye, '*‘°i“rm the number ef Ikzinge at Peiie greet exteetetieee ere fermed ef new erreegementet thellene r I ere te leee their king and te fete a pert 05 the kingiemtef Freneeew He .t thinks-“the lees eeitei fee the phlegm ef e Helleniee will be little edeptefi te the titeeity ef e.Pteveneel@¢¢" | ' ~ .5?EI%3;Ei§ While tteeey peeee peeveilei in nerthern Emrepeg the Peninsular wet ieteneifiei, “Stein is new the meet intereetieg epet ef Eurepe (Eeeember l®®9) end the mews frem_thet eeuntmy ie ef e meletehely nature te ell the emppertere ef the Jeetetw In Jentety l8l@9 will Ettepe ie eipeetieg the mement ef Bueneperte“e departure item P&Ti€9 the eensequeet eneihiletiem ef the Junta eni the arrangement ef the pemimetleo” It February l$1®9 the Jttte.wee repertei trekent in Frendve tiewg “the Spanish hete redeemed their ehereeter by burning deem the Inquieitien.et V&l1&d@lido The inhetitente ooo rejeieei at the ieetruetien ef the ebeminetle building and ite herritle enginee ef terteret -QQGG Peetugel ie etill free (and being meet ee e Beitieh bite) but if the teejeeitee ef the eld gevernment ere peeeieted in, if their peieeteteft eed.mentety end Itqtieitiem remeie it their eneient feree, we met pregneetieete little energy in iefeeee ef the eeutttyeoo" it ~ I Feemittretei e peer.peehet ee eeneermei the Jteteg ie.Meeet he - ttete, “the iete ef Speie ie net eempleteiy eettlei ¢¢¢ the junta-emi the Etglieh meter eiierei eny terme which eeuii retee e peeple te the eiertiene etieh the eeture ef the eembet requireio" In Meyg “Stein bee met yet eetmittei entirely te the Eepeleei iyneety 00¢ (themgh) the Spemieri will be little likeiy te eigh fer the return ef e Betrtee te eerey.hie beet te hie fetmet bigetryeeni eleteryteew - , » It Jteet "Nepeleee°e"tiete teeerie Speietheve met yet been reelieei coo Meeeeee,ie mereeimg,iete Pertegel with e greet ereyts eei it July, there ere wetreieee ef en engagement between the treepe under Lerd.Welliegtee ant theee tedetifieeeeeeo The dreeiftl tattle has by thie time pmetebty teen fetghttm Septemters “the peninsula is tern te pieeee by petty"eer£ere ewe 4 Page Eight ~ with the loss of innumerable lives oh been sides one all eyes are turned to the armies under Wellington and Msssena 9,, Englishmen vies with trembling sexist the fate of Portsgels” Frend added, "the Spaniards have beeh.everye where almost successful against the Frehohs" The December Survey laments: "Spain and Portugal still present a scene of herror to every oivilised minds Destruction follews the steps of the great armies and innumerable guerillas ..¢ In.Portugel the hostile forces are fasing sash other $00" it a time sf widespread horror, Freud found.the news from Spain particularly harrowihgs “nothing”, he wrote st the begihnimg of ldll, "can be more afflicting to a well~bred mind"§ wees Spain and Pertugal oontinue ts present sudhlmrors as could not exist in a ohristianised world, Vast distriets have been laid waste? and fire and the sword have destroyed populous eities and villages with their inhabitsntso Sush is the fate sf war? that is.o£ the folly and the wickedness of mansos" Deriving some small somfort from.the fast that “the Peninsula is in. suoh a state that a new order must take place, the old system cannot be restored", Frend describes Massena's defeat and retreat in almost biblical termsg “He carried with him havoek and desolation; and the land through which he passed must long mourn his progresses" In.May 1:10, Freud warned of a Russian advance against the Turkish Empires “sees the disturbed state of Turkey is the reason ooe it will be an extending phenomenon if the Austrian and Turkish.Dominions should be dismembered at the same times There is spaoe between the Danube and the Greeian part of the Imediterrsmean for the ereetion of new Kingdoms .8» a Russian may be seated on the throne of Oonstantinoples The times team with prodigious events, and a great oonfliot must be endured before Greeoe is restored to the oivilised worldsms" - Later in 181$ while there was relative peaee in northern Europe, and guerilla war was beginning in Spain, Freud noted (September) that "Russians andTurks were making preparations for a most destructive warfareg" The Russians "are preparing all their strength to drive the vizier“s army out of Bulgaria and to oompel him to retire behind Adrianople; should they succeed in this effort a most bloody'battle will be fought in the beginning of next year ts determine the fate of the Turkish Empire in Europet The Grsmd.Seigniour has ealled upsn.all the faithful to some forward and pomises to be himself at their head. In sonsequenoeg immense bodies are pouring out of Asia use But the sons of Othmsn are no longer an object ofterrerg they have gone bask in military disciplineg while the Russians have been improving@.@" "In every IMosque in Enrepe and that owes his sway in Asia, the Grand Seignior"s pro~ olamation is read and the Imams are ordered to dilate on the necessity of the oall see The Koran and the Gospel have been equally brought forth to summon combatants to the field,.¢" {0ctober»l8ll)¢ ~ ' , »- \y__) Qt \ ' ‘War, inevitably; broke outg and inFrend‘s~werds inrflovember "continues to rage with great vielehoe in the Turkish provinces", Similarlyg in December, Q. ‘I’? Pegejflihe "the Turkish previhees ef Eurepe eentiaue ts feel all the heeme§tf ear,» Immense armies are ravaging the, fer it is deuhtful free them they reeeive the greateet injuries? their friends er their enemiese" Thrhieh armiee "are said ts amount ts 4@©§®O® men, and Russians ts aheut half that number eee but the numbers are little better than an armed rehhle see It is rumeuree that tease is likely te be ehtainedg on the Turks seeing allaehia and.Bulgar1a 8'9 te their enemye - A menth later Freed rete aheut the seek ef Cehstantineplea W006 A seene ef pest dreadful diaerdere Ihsurreetien among the Jehieeeries wee qaellee by an immense slaughter; ten thousand fallen in hattle ehly in the streets and three thousand by the hands ef the exeeutienerg the Grand Seighier eempelled te quit his seraglies" "The great results expeetee by the severeighefisthe head efi his troops have fallen te the greundg and (it seems) the Russians will net he eerellee~hy the vizier to quit their present quarterse It is said, heweverg that negetiatiens for peaee are earried on9 anfi that the war will terminate witheut any deeislve hhpressien on the Turkish empiree tBut coo a victorious army (ef the Grand Seighier).has marehed from Damascus to enter in triumph inte Grand Gaireew Hemmer rune Early in l8LG Frend-eemmented on the peaceful progress of Freneh industry and eommereee He clearly had a grudging admiration fer Napeleen"s EffiQi€fi@y@ He had already noted in.April 1809 Franeegs internal quiet and "trahqafllitye" "Arts? seienees and manufaetures fleerishg and the utmest eneohragement.is given by government te every erertieh that eah premete the prosperity sf the eountrya" In January 181$ the Surrey remarks on-"Buenaparteis great works" ehread as well as in Franee, partieularly in the shipbuilding stimulated in H@ll&fide Freed sighs fer such eemeroial/iheustrial'eeeeperatieh in peaeetimes "Let us hepe that the aestruetive epirit ef warfare may net laet fer avers that natiehs which frem.their prerimity are formed ta assist eaeh ether? may ferget the barbarous language of being natural enemies; that they may consider to her great advantage human industry might he applied, when it has fer its ebjeet the happiness net the destruetién sf mankinde" In the meanwhile, the warring natiens“ trade eeeliheeg there were eentradietiehe which Freed eemments on eardenieallye “The pert sf Lehdeh is filled with French eern, Freheh wine; and French hrandiee, aha that is mere, the manufacturers ef silk in this eountry fine it neeessary te enter ihte an asseeiatieh ts prevent the introduction of French silks? hhieh-weeld destrey their tradee" Trade; heweverg he reflects “is a thing whieh eannet he fereee and will break threugh every obstacle,“ (June 1810) But things were serieus and Britieh gevernment measures were inadequate er wersee Ih September lBl® we reae "At heme? distresses and the feilure sf the banks have predueed mheh inqulry ihte the real state ef the eeuhtry and haw far it hae heeh influeheed by the O [ e t V Pegs Ten ehenge made in our systee.ehen paper messy was substitutes fer g@ldoee The iejesy dese te the sentry by peper meney hes been very grestoeew ls Nevemters "Melsnehely have been the feileres is tr&d@o They heve sprees greet elessg but it begins te subsides the eteppege ef eeeetry bemke emust be greesetive ef greet @Vil$eoe% §et_eely is Engleedg eithere “The Estes are is the greatest eistsess frem~the eeetreists es eemseeee eeo Eenmerk is in e perilees state £roe.the marsh sf Freeeh tseess threugh its territerieeo Germenyls eemmeree see suffering “free the seisere ef geese at Frankfurt ené » Leipsieg end similar vielenee hes been eemeittee»threegheet Seitserleseo“ I -Freed» fellewed. events is the leezeeeeg fleets e. semen, with fereeited. . interest ass related them.te the situetiee is Eerepee “Gee result ef the Speieh tresblesgw he writes is.Auguet l8@fiv“%w&l£&%&~fi@e iedepeeeesee ef the Spanish eeleniesee~TheeSeuth.Ameriees will begin ts mete e figure upen the glebeo They will carry en an extensive eemmeree eeo intreduee new ideeee new eempetitienee Hsppy will it be for them if they establish the.literty ef the presee eestrey the Inqfiisitien, eeeneipete themselves fsee.priestereft9 and make themselves e preper’use ef the rise ens fertile eesntsyo The benefits to Europe eere ieeeleslsbleg if we leave them te themselves eeewsre.eenteetedqwith the .edssetsges~ef tr&@@oee® \ ~ . lgeime~ W000 Cersseesg is e very spirited=mefii£eete,,hste deelared their independeneee Peru i8; we believe; Fmeperei te follew 069 Varieflfi Qxtenflivfi deminiens.mey be formed fires the Spenish.peeeeseiene ie.Amerieao Buenee Ayree seems ts be eeleeleted fee the eepitel ef e greet eouetry extending from.the seeders ef Peru to the Seuthern eepeo Peru will be e greet empiseo Mexice will heve the preeemineeee in the nerthern.etetes¢ New kingiems ssd republics msy eriseo ~ _ _ ‘b ~ r Q r - . . . ‘ ' an The serieus interests sf the ele inhehitests, the deseeseestseef the Spsmieh settlers end the native Spaniards will give rise~te verieus eempetitieee and eembieetiens ¢oe'With prudenee en the sert ei Greet Britain? e very extensive field is epen fer its eommereee" (July lelfi) And in Deeemberg he wrote even mere hepefelle “An enlergei peliey is requisite in the rising eeuntries sf Ameriee, whiehg when liberty end eivilieetiee have qeitted Eurepeg will held est very different views ef gevernment end religion 't@ eee HI agesew Fresi'wee, hewever, eieeppeisted by develepments in the United Steteeg free which he and other British reiieels hefi hopes es mseho The Amerieens, £ it eppeeree in l8l@9 were just es foolish and greeiy es ether meme There é“ was en ineident between British and American ships in Juneg end the July Survey eemmentss "Wer ieseletee the finest regiene is Eurepee The peesien ef.menHmey extend theesil, and we leek with fee: and trembling en e transaction 000 en the Atlantis.“ I ~. it the eeginnimg ef 18119 Frees expressed the hepe that "Nerth America? where etesywhere improvements are geing en, ens gaining daily new vieteries _ Eege Eieveh ever uneeltieeeei pleihe end deeerte“ weuld net deeiie te ge he were lee V ‘April, wee had etill net he deeiereie "The mere time eeheemee in deiiheretieh the heiter“ eeye Frehdo “Anything is better then.wer, ef mhieh.ehe yeee will eeheeme ell the edeentegee ef tee yeere“ peaeee” mee eh exehehge ef shete heiween ehipe ef the tee neviee the Survey eppeele fer meiereiiene “The demeh ef war would iheienily eeggeet the eieheneer eee ef eueh &R.in$Hlto Bet if the ineult can be repeired nee witheui seeding ehoueehde eeeh theueehie prematurely te the awful &@Q@ufit9 why eheeld the eeeri he drawn and the eeehheei ihrewn ewey?“ 4 A meth.leter9 ih.iuguet9 Freud eretes "Ne ear yet with ihehieee every mehih ef peeee ie e Joyful eequieitieh, &nd'W6 hope we eheli eeehy mehih VQHHQEQQQ the same geei news @@@'We eennet eee any geei,reeeeh.fee the tee hetiehe fighting; theugh plausible yreteheee in ahuhdehee will he feuhi eh either eiieg whenever they eheeee he uneheethe the ewere eee Ie.imeriee9 ee well ee England, there are e euffieient number ef malignant epirite be stir up eehiehiieh, ehe care net fer the life ei man er the ruih.they eeuee te the peeeefel mehufeeiurerg egrieulturiet and the merehente" Ih.Eey 1812 he wee writing "the UGSGAG held a meneeihg peethre, yet we ere etill in hepe that we shell not eeme te blewe Goo" hut in July (1812) Gengreee deelerei fer were Frend lamentei {August 1812) "we had flattered eureelvee* that the U@S@ weuld have eentinued to reserve iheueelvee frem.theee ealemitiee end these herrere.whioh.wer 0,0 brihge in its treine ‘We wil1¢dfihw'them eeueee of eempleintg but what do they all amount to, cempered with the mischiefe ef a eihgleeeempeign? eee Cehgreee hes theught etherwiee and they new appeal to the meuth ef the eanneh to decide their difficulties wee They eannet meet_ue eh the eeee; they have n0 ships of the line te eepe with euree Their war eeh only he ei_e predatery'heture see They.ere else to direct their efferte against the Cenedeeg here they may produce the usual deveetetien end di$tr@3$ocaH The heetilitiee broke out in August, and leeted tee years, They were due to the eeerehihg ef U@S¢ ships by the British end te the emhitiehe ef American frohtieremeh to eeiee lend irem.the Indiehe end the Britieho eeerieen fereee invaded Cehede but were repuleede The Bfifii$h‘W@n eentrel ef the see and merehed eh Washington where they hurned the White Heueee But neither eide gained deeieive edventege, and prewwer eenditiehe were reetored after the Treaty of Ghent in 18149 EAP@LEGKQVfi&$§S“Rfi§§lA Te return to Eurepe, in 18119 It wee e year ef inconclusive end hleedy eempeigne, in Spain end in Seuih~Eeet Europee In September Freed wrete that "The Russians have been.driven beek eereee the hehehe ehd.the Mheeulmeh are triumphant be the South of the rivere" Ihfietoher 1811, "the Turks have ereeeed the Dahuhe 090 There is to be he peeee till Meldavie and Welleehia ee restored 660 The greater the eueoeee ei the Turks, who are euppeeed te he her illieeg the worse will it he for ue ih.ehether respeeig for the Rueeiene eee eennet peeeihly return te en eilienee eiih.ue end expeee themeelvee he the ineignetien ef the French Emperere _ _ Psgs~@wsIvs@ V Tbs whsls strength sf the Russian Empirs will be brsught forwsrdw§n this horrible ssnfliss, whish$"ws fear, will be ans of the msst samguimany that svsn the wrstshsd tins in whish we live has exhibited 000" Frsnd.sss that Ra§slssh"wss-hsnt on the ssnqusst sf sll Eursps ans wsuld~ssonsr sr later msvs against Russia, mhsss~di£fisultiss~wsuld.assist h ~.his plans” ~"Bsmsnrs csnsinss sf s rugturs between France snd.Rnssis9g reports the Ssrvsy, is Fshrssxy l$l2.~ In Esrsh:we»rss&.sf-Espelson“s plsnfi» fss ssnsssiptisna "All ysungh(Frsnsh) msnhhstwssn 26 smi,26.srs ta 00¢ fsrm sn army sf 100,000 msn, ts bs insampss is vsrisus parts sf the empire, to bs rssiy ts marsh ts.ssy part sf it whsrs shsir sssvicss srs~rsqnirsd° Ths r rsmsinfisr sf she msn betwsss.2$ sad 6% srs ts be rsguisnly dissisiinsd in regiments st hams fqr ths sn$isswdsfismssss£“ths~ssmmfimys".hFTsnd¢sifiB;tha$ ”rumssr ssys Russis"sil1 hs the sbfisst, sr:3ssdsn@” "Tbs smsrfi will thus be sent thrsugh the esrth.¢¢¢'Whsrsvsr Hspslssn srdsrs his trssps.ss.ss2sk, dsssststisn ssssmsssiss %hfiir“%&$$$$s" It mss sass slight-ssnsslatisn ts the writer “that the time is spprssshing for the svsrthrsx sf tbs Hshsmstas supsrssitisn, ans Busnspsrts msy be a great imssrwmmn¢~in ths*hsmi sf -»Prsvissnss to sffsst its dsstrustisn,"¢- she Grssks9~hs~rsf1ssts "ssnnnt.. be wsrss sff under a“Ersnsh;than.the;Turkish.Ysks¢”~(Msssh 1812) - ._ . I \ Q By April 18129 tbs Frsnsh had svsrrmm Frsssisg "bus thsy are receives thsrs ss frisndss Ehs King yrsslaims thss sushg-ssssivsd thss is his cssitsl ss sash, lségsshthsir gsnsrsls is pslssss shd.gsvs‘shss rsyalhsntsrtsinmsntg His.tssspshsrs snrsllsd with these sf the great B8fiiGH"owv~§u$ fihs unfflrfiflnats ssvsrsigs.hsshns.ssns sf resisting the tsrrenis His rsysl existsnsehdspsnds sn the ssd sf ths1nssh$y'Espsrsr coo The war bfifiwfififi the Turks.and Rnssians_ ,is thus hslé in.suspsmse coo Austria is ts he ssrdially sited with Frsnse .in its new undsrtskimg, and the two empsrsrs are ta mast ts plan a new divisian of tsrritsry. Ss the-mighty enss sf the esrthsgs an their accustomed ssurss, and the reign sf passe is retarded. But ss light sversame the primsvsl darkness, ss shall a new state sriss, in whish the heroes ans great - ssh sf-hhs prsssnt dsy will bs ssnsidsrsé in us bsttsr light than bexers and priss~fightsrs@“ ~ s ‘ *" ' ‘ - . Im.Msy, ths shisf fssturs was "the jsurnsy sf Busnsysrte frsm.Paris ts jsin.his armies sn the'Vistuls¢ The Russians are prepared ts receive him, -. hand by (nsx$;msnth) ssms imsartsht nsws~s§»shis~grsnd~ssnflist may be "@IDsstsd use The great ssnqusrsr lsoks far sueesss ts the number and sxsellense sf his tsss}s,~sndMsppsrsntLy little hsyss can he entertained from.a feeble ~ .msssrsh sud s feeble aiministrstiss»"hs .~hs-s . w %M xv"-w~ V O I .,_1.~‘ v- ‘ ., - I , n _ -Thstssummsr thsrs was an earthquake in Carsscss, which arouses mush Q ssymysthy in»Emglsnd¢: Frsnd wrsts, ssngsring the 5®®G ssrthqusks deaths with :ths~@0stsmpsrary battlefields, "Think ys~whs eentsmplsts with hsrrsr the rare instsnss sf dsstrustish hy nature, and sre shecksd at the ast's sns assassin, rsflest on.ths ssrmsgs sf s battle? smi weep for the fsllsn stats sf'hnssn.nsture¢" . He gsss es, msre prssaisally, ts rsport the stats sfugrsparsinsss sf the sppssing ~ ~Frensh and Russian armisssh “The numerous lsgisns sf Busnsssrts are nsw with him 0n.ths@bsrdsrs of Russia, psnstrstingtprsbahlyathsse inhsspitsble regisns ¢¢¢ -_ Pegelhirteen W Politicians are not without hopes that here at least Buoneperte msy be Q foiled and his army oonqueredg not hy the sword but by fsmineo“ (June 1812) The following.nnmher explained the reasons for the Freneoefiussien wars the.Emperor:fiiexsnder “senld not he subservient to ell Booneperte's views, end he was to he hnmhlede Fer this purpose, troops were merehed from all direetions to the Vistnle and laws ere to he divulged ts the semie barbarians of the north by the eennonis monthew lFrend speeuletes as to how fer Sweden ed England sen sssist Russiae "Time will show; but Buoneperte oennot hsve laid his plans with his usual prudenee if he does not finish the eempeign before either of the other powers can interfere, with eny effeote“ it is surprising that the Frenoh emperor i “should.be ehle to go so many hundred miles from.his own eapitel without feer of internal conmotisne" {July} In August, “Buoneperte has placed himself edvsntegeously on.the frontiers of Rnssiee He has seized that pert of Poland whioh.Rnssie in so barbarous e menner tore ewey from its ancient rulers," Freud made some tentative guesses as to the course of events: "Bnenaperteis ermy is posted elong the Dwine end the country between it end the Beristhens oeo There is reason to believe that the resistance of the Russians is greater then he expected and may prevent his progress to eny greet distenoe into the interior of the countrye It is supposed to be his ohjeot to msreh to Moscow; end the liberty granted to the peasants of Lithuania will be extended to the hoors of Russia 06¢ The Russian is ignerentg barbarous, nnoivilisedg incapable perhaps of appreciating the seine of the gift offered to him, end France may he foiled in her attempte" It,i3.8tr&ng@9 that a men of Frend's pelitieel understanding should have so underestimated the importance of national independenoei wees The emperer of Russia is at the heed of an immense srmye The depots of ammunition and o provisions deployed by him are vest, and by means of our ships, greet quantities have been preserved? laid up in the maritime towns on the Baltic» The eqgleen and Russians "now sot smieebly together, and Sweden is joined in 1| a firm ellienee with theme" i i - From Sweden, "e greet diversion is expected by the lending ofna large body of troops in what was celled Southern Pomerania ooe In the last Frenoh bulletin there is talk of the troops being led into quarters fox refreshmenh end if se-they may have to dread the attacks of the Russians, in which ease .the,eesistenoe of the Swedes will be.of no smell iE@@Tt&fiC$e" Frend was as much outraged by Russian religious superstitions es he.hsd been over those of Speins "Writing on “the debesement in religious matters" e of Russia? he.mentions "the oonseoreted image of the holy Sergius" given by the Archbishop of Moscow to the Emperor, who had handed it over "to the armed populetien~of1Mosoow"9 saying “May the holy protester obtain their victory" through his interoessisn before the throne ef Gode" Frend‘s eomments "However mush this country mey deplore the success of Nepoleon, no one sen hesitate in rejoicing that the chains of so disgraceful and bees e superstition should be hrokene“ ' E Page Fourteen . _ In September he whitest “The great eenquerer is advaneing with rapidity teeardslheseeso The last hnlletin states that his army has reached Hasmao eoosin the wayg the than sf Smelenske has been laid in ashes in the sight at the tee armies9 between which there was a veny sharp eenflietg and the Russians were defeated O00 the guns ef the French were playing upon the ur ., , 3; _ ._ . M 4;» h tosng spreading fire and deseiatsen 1n every quarter, and the ravages Q; t e 9 - _ -," A. - A ',e flames were increased hy the Russlans themselves when they found they wer ehliged ts quit the pisses "The eitv is represented te have exhibited ta the armies a sight similar ' '§ to that of Vesuvius during an isruptien te the inhabitants ef‘Naphes@ 1 t“ Ye she have hnsbandsg WiV@$9 Barents? ehildseng friends and re*a,eens§ L Q4: eeneeive ts yeurselees a moment a eity in flames and a shower ef balls falllng in every direetien npen the deveted inhabitants see Little de the men of thls werld aeenetem themselves to eentsmplate was 1n lts tree aspeett The proud ~ " = *~ - *" s IP e 5,k trappings sf an army dassle the saghts but we do net tnlnh es she shrle s ef the dying virgin, the wailinge of the erphanfi the greens of the"weundeds O A fine teen is erased frem the eatalegue sf eitieso It is no longer Q0 - of use hut in a militasy point of vies sea It serves as a depet fer ammun and its palaces are eenverted into hespitalss flew many teens and villages ° t°fiei?" must share the same fate before the ambition ef the eenqnerer 1S grass t ‘We are infermed that the Emperor of Russia and the Crown Prinee of Sweden are disenssing a dieersien by the Swedish asmyo "Time will discover the result e? this interview hut in the meanhile the Freneh Emperer will have ehtained‘Meseew9 in spite of the holy image of Sergins 000“ (September 1812) Frend spans his account sf the burning of Masses with a heartfelt cry: “Hersey upeh herressi Battles? murders? eenflagratiens eall for the deepest feelings of sorrew'0n the one hand? whilst painted dells and infatuated enperstitiens and blasphemens invocations excite en the other contempt and indignatiens I "Smelenske had exhibited a scene which harrowed up the seulo From this plaee the eenquerer marched in the utmost eonfidenee ef victory to the entrenehed eamp ef the Russians at Meshes? about 70 miles from.Meseew¢ ¢ “A hattle of two days (Beredine) decided the ea a murderous battle shiehg dreadful as have been those which this age has witnessed? exseeds them all in the herrid work of warg in.earnage and destruetieno The Russians fled in every direetien and left the read open to Mescews The eenqueror lest ne time? and a few days after was seated in the Kremling the interior ef the eityg a fortress like the seraglieg that was the aheient seat ef empire 99¢ “What resistance was made in the taking of the eityg we knew net; hut the barbarians who were cenquered exeeuted a plan whidh"will held them up ta the detestatien sf the eivilised werld and sf all pesterityo The ereetions of Meseew are ehiefly ef weedg and they have a market there fer weeden houseso Many I ~ Fags Fifteen ef their streets have also weed instead of stone for their paremento Soaroely was the eonqueror ledged in the Kremlin when the town around him.was fired in every direotioh by (Russians) appeinted fer this parposea All the engines had previously been removedg and the destructive element had unlimited sway for several dayss a "The greater part of this unhappy oity was thus redueed to ashes: the Kremlin alone? separated by high sells irom.the rest sf the torn? remained unhurt;' iand the barbarians she had devised the piah had thus the pitiful satisfaetion of knowing that they had predueed infinitely mere misery than the conqueror ever intended: that they had rendered the eity in great measure useless ts him; and that if their arms sheuld hy the fortune of ear , P - he suooessfulg they weuld find their capital destroyed by their own follyg e their own wished and murderous handse“ There was, Freud said? a great deal of ooniusio:saaammhding'the situation, ' and many conflicting reports as to the mevements of the Frenoho fine amusing piece of news came through from the South of Russia where "the Persians have obtained a victory over our Russian ally, chiefly in consequence of the skill of the British officers there who had not heard of the change of affairs in Europee" "England is now zealous in suppert of these barbarians with whom a few months ago it was in epen hostmtieso So fickle, so ehangeahie are worldly - polities!“ In Ndeemheris issueg Napoleonis retreat from.Moscow is vividly described, and the following months“ Surveys feilew the Frenoh armyis oourseg "pursued by numerous hordes of Russians and €ossaeks"9 subsequently joined by the "Confederateso" Bonaparte is reperted to have arrived at, and leftfi Dresden by August 1815; and in Oetober to have fought the Battle of Leipsigg with "the loss - of an immense number of men? nearly all his ammunition, guns and baggage o¢¢'With the wreck of his armyg between ?0 and 89,090 me: (,havi.ng lost 60 9000:) he made the s best of his way haok towards Frances” Frend points out that the wars were by ' ho means overs the Confederates were also suffering severe lessees and Napoleon had introduced oonseription and raised 5009000 soldiers apparently willing to oohtinue the fight," at the end of 1812 Europe was in a state of fluxe The sight of Napoleon"s armies in retreat from mosses must have oaased oonsiderable confusion in the minds of the peoples who had begun to think of French pewer as infallible, But there was no proof that France was finally beatehg even in Spaing where the tide seemed to have turned against her, thanks to'Wellington.‘ and to the Spanish Guerillas (enlisted, Frend noted in June, in British V regimehts)¢ The British had entered Madrid in September, but evacuated it again in.0otober, Freed gloomily reported the Prince Regentis premises to “ "defend and maintain the catholic, apestolio, and Roman religion,\~ithout . permitting any other in Spaine" His eomments sum upg and partly explain; some of his previous proehonaparte opinionszi "Adieu to all hopes 000 Better to he under the severest yeke of pelitioai tyranny with religious freedom? than to enjoy the utmost possible oivil liberty under suoh ah abominable eooiesiastioal thraldome" It does not seem to have ooeurred to Freed that the two could hardly be oompatihie» Page Sixteen ‘ - By the end sf 1812 peeple is England were heping desperately fer P8&©8o With she debssle in Russie9 hepes were raised in England that the war might be seeing ts en QQ&e There was s wave sf werewesrisess in the lets eutumng and voiees ell ever England were selling fer peeeee Freud wroteg in the Nevember Survey, that "in perpetually reeersing to this beastly state sf warfare new rsvegisg se greet s pertien of the werldg we have some sstisfeetion in ebserving e rising spirit ~ the spirit sf peeeea" Follewing'e meeting in Leieester e petitien was to be presented ts Psrliementg implering the House "ts reflect sh the miseries which shis continued and widespread war hss.inflieted es mankind 000 and lamenting the tendessy ef'war ts blunt the feelings sf e humsnity and ts depress seeisl lif@wo Freed “istreets every reader ts retire hwiihin himself end ts meditate deepiy apes theme” The February {E813} fissvey reperts meetings and eesisions fer peace at Leieester end Nottingham; the letter's pesitien.mentiens'%he elesmisg end uspreeedessed desey sf the trade sf this teen end neighbeurheodg the destitute and starving eesdities ts shish thousands sf its inhsbitsnts ere sedueedfig the middle class will “be unable to beer the exeessive weight sf public and psrechiel taxes e mush less sustain these sdditiens 00¢ if war is persisted ins" ( Mereeverg "the pressure of the rates, while insufficient to help the peer, senstently reduee ethers to similar distress coo Pesse slone can alleviate the industrious PQQF9 whelly or partially deprived sf that empleyment by which they were secussemed ts suppers their f&mili$$eoew In Nevember 1815 Freud deeisred that the British were sick sf war and suggested thee this was s moment when the French might some to some agreements "the ehenge in the situetien in Eurepe effesded seeps fer the Prince Regent to make e gessureew But the Prince Regent would enly ssy that pesos? “the greet blessing”, esuld net be attained "without farther exertiens end greet pecuniary supplies fer the subsidies to the elliese" And so the war went one e GQNFEDERATES is smash - The beginning sf 1814 sew the allied armies en Freneh Qfiila Freud, wrete in his February artieleg that "the advenee sf the eesfederates was made with sesreely any resistance till they came within 100 miles of Paris 000 the twe gseei esmies hed sdvsnsed by different routes ints Csmpegnee the ens? ehiefly sf Psussiensg under Blueher O00 the ether under Prince Seheertenbergg whe made their enssy from Ssitserlsnd and slsseee" Bseneparte retreated so Treyesg and when the Confederates deeided ts marsh en Paris they were halted st Ohssesu.Thiersy9 endg Weeserding ts the eeeeunts sf Freneh pepersg defeated with immense slaughter end less sf meme sempelling them ts retreat ts Rheimse“ "At the time sf writing“, seid Freud, “the eonfederates have advanced into the heart sf France, and the ferwerd guards ere reported ts be within twenty miles sf Psris; this unhappy capital is expeeted to share the fate of r Page Seventeen The Survey reeerde "with the greatest pleeeure"9 the eeree ef Tear Alexander he his Russian Army en eneering Frenees “Let ue ferget sufferinge we have endureé free hie (Nepeleon"e} erimee, end eweene wards him the the hand Qf fTi@fld$hiP and the elive hreeeh ef peeeenw “What e etrihing contrast“, eeid.Frend@ “between the language ef the Emperer and some ef the newepepereg which are endeeveuring ee mueh ee peeeihle te peeveht the return of eeaeeful eefitimente in the minde ef Engliehmen by eggrevefiing hhe erimee the Breneh@' ' er, fiepeleen refused the remeetehlihement eeeept the Alliee* tehme ef surrender? whieh stipulated the Bourhensg and Freed wrete gleemii ehet Whheugh the General has army e e army he reeelee end euppliee every deg weekeeg when we refleet en the energiee ef the Feeheh peepleg it eeehee be imeginefl thefi, if they pereevere in their ellegieeee fie their empeeehg the cehqueet of Freeee will he effeeted without torrente ef hleed ene meey duhieue hettlesa" he incidentally fereeew prehlems in Eurene, where tr -*” were being arranged "he transfer nations fie ether natione by he desire ' the inhehitenteg" ; :€rbiC&9 hfil enetence, fifiud out against belng teeesferred ilum Italy to fif&HC€o ‘WI (I r~L Is 0 ..‘, ‘I b." P ‘Q £1 ' _ . . I ‘ Q in . 1 V‘ -NG¢W&y9 1“ 1S Saldg . M net reteey the transfer ete Sweeen) enag gxven up by lte farmer eevereign§ prefers independenee to euhmieeiee one When the epleet ;” e peeple is reused? the eenqueet ef them is net en eeey meitero" ~ Bee in epite of he eleeege ride and oh ti;""v Fr~;e~“# " e’~1 Wag d9t@Ti@Tatifi€ Yepidiye "Bue£eperte*s Siiu;2§;L91s ggngeiegegigggi hepelese by a new event? the edvenee ef the English frem.ehe Seueho" 'Wellington eventually broke threugh he Berdeeux where wee Weleemed hy"mehy inhabitants wearing the white eeekede instead ef the trleelera u ' J ~m e Ie Mereh (1814) the Survey netefi that “the leet meneh hee been pregnant ? u ~ " ~ x P with greet events? but in the miese ef herrere ef war the eeumd ef peace hee been heerds delightful seundi Meg it he resteree te &ieteeeted Eur0ee m V1 ‘ ‘ A Q _ Q F -1 ~ »’" , . -ya ' -. _, ' _ "a ' - _ e:Qwe?¥+the evehtsLei the leet ewehty yeeee teeeh wee to he meee eereiul hew age; eneerfere en the government ei ether eteteeg and ix; velue the gains 0; peeee and lnduetry ebeve all the plunder to be obtained by war and elaughtere" In Me? 1814 the Treaty ef Paris wee eignedo Freud eemmented in the §une issue en the settlement terms, "the cenqueeore have ehowe mederatiene" Several paints however aroused his indignetionz Frenee eheuld net he allowed to exercise the slave trade; fer ene thing? "English intereeh may be fimpleyee under French celeure in this monetroue epeeiee of cemmereeg" thus reeinteedueing the slave trade here by e heek eeero "We are tale than e series of meetings were held in Lendee protesting egeinet this; Freud wee also perturbed at the survival, and lndeee fhe revive?9 ef gflgifi Ceihfi“ infleenie inkfiuripee "Pegery is slewly reieihg her heee 00¢ P *eeelene are ageln *0 ta e n eee in Frenee " In 3 Q11 “e+ ~e e ~~e Tr‘ Q in f° F O W. GOG T 9 ' pfifi. 1 ._.e.J QAQG ~-. h M . ml }ba. ge peep e -er lie ehemplens ewe nee proepeee 15 deplorable oeo" uly, we reed that "Spain ie egnking ingn the abyss Qf itg former regime, and ” exteieetee itself it meet he by e eivil wae Thg ~ Page Eighteen » Inquisition is reeestablished, Monks and nuns and priests are all getting back to their former stations and preeeminencee The new government wants to destroy every act of the Cortes and to reduce Spain to an absolute monarchys They who fought against the French are now disgraced, and they who fled the country are returned to domineer over it." In August: "France is returning to popery and tyranny, In Spain the horrible institution of the Inquisition is set up again ooo Public burnings will hardly be revived; but who can say how aany persons will be doomed to wear out their lives in the dungeons of the office and to suffer the tortures of the secret tribunals?“ Returning again to the conditions of the peace treaty, Frend says "the allied powers had no more right to give up Norway to Sweden than they have now to give up Tartary to the Emperor of China coo If thefinglish were justified in defending Spain against Buonaparte, and the Spanish have been praised for the gallant defence of their country, what shall we say of a blockade of Norway? 00$ If Norway can stand its ground this summer, the voice of the people may be heard in the approaching congress, and Europe be spared ‘the disgrace of imitating Buonaparte in the worst of his actions." Other conditions "at which the friends of hzmanity must shudder” are the French demands for African slaves ~ "the demand of Domingo alone is for l0,00© Africans, to be torn from their countryasa" “Gennflexiens ad prcstrations will no cover the blood of the Africans.spilt upon these occasions. The return of peace was delightful one the destruction of the sceptre of the tyrant was received with universal warmth“ .But when we contemplate the Inquisition in Spain, the restoration of superstition in France, the invasion of Norway, the prison ships of the slave trade and the wars excited in Africa, Europe seems to be unworthy of its blessings, and we fear that that cannot be lasting,_ which is contaminated by so many horrorss" ' sass In.Qctober 1314 Frend was reporting, more or less hopefully, on the meetings of the treatysmakers in Vienna. He took the opportunity to scoff at the elaborate religious ceremonies that dignified the proceedings ~ "the adoration of the waferegod was performed with great pomp and solemn devotion" e but he commented very seriously on the Congress and its tasks, "The presence of the Emperor of Russia is an auspicious omen", he wrote. "To him.is attributed a proposal of inestimable worth, namely that the number of the military in every country should be diminished, and doubtless such a diminution would be of great benefit to every country. Europe, during the last and the beginning of the present century, has presented the most odious and despicable picture that can be contemplated by a reasonable being, The work of blood has been holden in the highest honour, and kings in friendly visits to each other have been entertained with.military arrays, eachvying with the other in showing the state of preparation he is in for hostile aggression or selfedefence, \ _ ~Page Nineteen "In such a state of mankind it is ridiculous to talk of the blessings I .0 . or peaoeo All that can be said is that the nations are living with each other in the state of an armed truces ‘When such nnmhers of men are living by the sword it cannot be long unsheathedsos" At the beginning of 1815, the Gongress was still in sessiony accompanied by a mass of speculation from.the newspapersg Frend considered the political journalists as harmful and misleading9"men*with.maps before themg and scissors to out out portions as suits their fanoya“ Y "One principle alone seems to guide the political writers, namely that mankind was made for sovereigns; not sovereigns for mankind 00° the good of the people is the last thing that enters the mind of these sagacious politioiansa They sit down with the notion.that the congregated sovereigns are little better than a set of banditti met together to divide their plunders oeo okept together only by sordid views of selfminterest, without the least regard to honour, morality or religion 000 Let us hope for better things of the l Sovereigns, if not? things must be left in the hands of GQdeH The February (1815) Survey speculates on the decisions of "the great congress", and Erend expresses the hope that the civilised world will adopt a new code, and that "kingdoms may live at peace togetherg and submit their differences to a better arbitrement than that of powder and shot Q00" He wonders whether in the new systems "the same necessity will exist for large standing armies, testimonies of a pernicious spirit O09 which will break out at certain intervals and renew all the horrors of wars” His remarks still apply: "If nan is so degraded that each kingdom feels coo the necessity of being ever prepared for war then the nations, whatever names they may give to their treaties ooear9 living in fact in the state only of an armed truce 0°09 This is a state contrar to the real end of man on this earth? and it must be corrected by a farther advance in civilisation; he is only a halfstamed savage if he is kept within hounds by the fear of the a bayoneto" Frend leaves it to "the future historians to determine whether the Congress of Vienna has accelerated or retarded the improvement of mans § Y ggepnn on mmlson In March, following the dramatic announcement of Buonapartegs escape from Elba, Frend comments thus: "The name of one man, aided hy only 1000 troops?‘ ystruck a terror in every court in Europe» Buonaparte quitted Elbap landed inn France and reclaimed his sovereigntys This act was looked upon as that of a madmans The loyalty of the French to the Bourbons was deolared to be universal, hy the Moniteur, ace but it was soon seen that no dependence was to be placed on thelhonitenra" Frend, as usual very anti»Bonrhon, asks? "Are we to maintain perpetual war to seat a family on the throne of France, contrary to the wishes ti of the people? coo If we refuse to make peace with Bucnaparte9 Europe is doomed 1 to another war and good men must weep in silence at the calamities which this [ \\\ guilty race is doomed to suffer," He forecasts; gloomilyg "the hordes of Q Qessseksg the disciplined legiens ef Prussia, English %rseps9 heing res assembled; and the eédition cf a thousand millien to the netiensl debt scald net be viewefi without considerable agitstieng" In.epril he returns £0 the theme that Nspeleen is a more pregressive ruler than the Beurhonss “fiuoneparte hes eeessed that the slave trade shall he longer he carried on hy Fsenehmenz he hes openly deslsreé fer she freesem sf the press cos deelerefi freedem ef religien te be irrevessbleg resteree she Legien sf Henour is ifis £ermer states" Free asks “why ere she French net ts be ellesei the righs sf settling fiheir internal gevsremenfi es they please? and why are they ts he dictates so in this rsspset by fereign netiens?“ was ~ lfi BRLAKQ ®UT AGAifi In April, Freed was inseighing in despeiv against the rulers of flsivilised Europe”, which new expected ts see "s millien sf people in arms to lay waste its fertile regions? te burn its fiewns, ts ereese span earfih e hell not te be sxeeeded in the imaginatien sf the pests“ e In.Msy he wrete that "the different powers are empleyed in eolleeting together their fercesg ts eut the knet whieh they eennet untieo" "At heme these warlike preperesiens have preduee& e melsnehely effeet, she renewal sf the Property Tex, ef which a very greet prepertien will be expendss in suhsidies§ and the remaineer will be swallewsd up in our ewn expenseso It appears that sh agreement hes already been made for s suhsiiy of five millions ts the pewers sf Russisg Austria and Prussiao“ There has been mush eppesitien, he netes: “Meetings have been helden in eppesitien to the'war9 and the eities sf London and westminsterg and the Borough of Seuthwerk.have sent petisions to,Perliement9 expressive sf their disspyrebstien of the 3 present~interferense in the internal affairs ef Frances” Bus “she Petitions were net allowed to remain on the table of the House owing ts expressions Q which were eensfirued inte e disrespeet fey that bedys" ‘ As to the actual military preperatiens, "the English farce in the lew eountries under the command sf the Duke ef'Wellingt0n," is vemy considerable, says Prensa "end between.them and the Rhine is thezmixed bedy cf Germans esnd.Prussians under the Prince Blusher ,.¢ Some awkward circumstances have eceurred which prove that the measures of sengress have by ne means been ssfiisfaetoryg A mutiny has taken place in the Ssxen.tr0eps, in that pert sf them which have by the late change been made subject fie Prussia; this was qnslled by the dishending of the effenders and the exesutien ef the ringlesderss“ “The dseadful cenflict has begun", Frenfi wrote in the June Surveys "The French were theassailenfis, sud, having been fioilei in their attempt must expect e similar ¢;u§tiQn sf the allies into their*0wn serriterieso" His _e deseriptioh of the Battle of Waterlee was brief9.plebebly because he had little -e”wA time hefiween the event and going ts presss He eonsludefis with the remark that "both sides fought wish greet seterminstien snd.exesperetien9 and it is~#§ _ _ ~ -Page Twenty One supposed that the loss of the French amounted to upwards of 509000 mene "The loss on the side of the allies was also great, but this day confirmed the F opinion of the decided superiority of the English over the French when the battle depends on personal bravery and vigoure" He surmised that "the next battle will be in France not far from Parise" e "On the army itself complete reliance cannot be placed ~ there exists & large body of discontents 06¢ such is Bnonapartefls wretched condition that it appears almost morally p ii _ impossible that he should extricate himselftand Paris will be again at.thep mercy of foreign powerse" ‘I'M F ‘c » my y _ . . , , I 0 "The French nation? torn to pieces by foreign war and domestic confusion; presents an awful picture to the worldoee" Napoleon would now require i not only the army to defend his throne? but also the cceoperation of the ‘ F people @oo"finding he must submit to the restraints of a representative F government, he had held a grand convention termed the Champ de Mai 00¢ In the meantime, Louis preserves his state at Ghent? and issues his royal mandate to a discbedient people 000 (surrounded) by some ancient noblesse and a considerable number of the military? ready to reeenter France when the Duke of Wellington has prepared the way for his reeassumption of the thrones" Casting an eye quickly round Europe, Frend notes thatlmnrat had fled from the Austrians and established himself in Naples till Ferdinand should arrive from.Sicily¢ One object of compassion is "the poor king of Saxony, left with little of hiss former dominionsa rSaxony was one of the best governed states of German, as Prussia was one of the worste The latter was completely military, and Berlin was notorious for being the headquarters of infidelityo Discontent reigns among the new subjects of Prussia; but the bayonet will repress their indignation. The late victory will settle, at least for a time? the mutilation “ Saxony and the destinies of'Venice9 Genoa? and the Netherlandso" Q I"-+ Frend prays that "in the awful crisis in which we commit this to the pressg God may send that peace into our minds; which would prevent the world from being torn to pieces by the convulsions with which it has been so long agitated, and may his holy spirit coo he restored to the hearts of Europeanse" . 1 In July, the Survey describes the aftermath of Waterless "The battle was most decisive¢ The ruin of the army under Bnonaparte was complete and the conquerors followed up their victory with such rapidity that Paris fell into their hands without a blowe Buonaparteis army was to retire south of the Loire,and Paris given up to the conquerorsy on the idea that the inhabitants were not to be injured 000 The Emperor of Russia arrived in time to save the bridge of Jena, which Blucher had made plans to destroy" (because it recalled a French victory over Prussia)Q "Paris had many similar monuments to the heroism of its great military chief, but their names have been changed and thus the fury of the conquerors has been avertede“ F Frend remarks that "the thrones of the Bcurbons are re~eetablished@ They are now sovereigns at Paris? Naples and1Madrid9 and their conduct in their different seats of government will form very curious pages in future y historyo” He ruefullyexamines "the nature of that military system.uner which Europe has so long groaneda A nation kept under the bayonet cannot be said to ' pessess a legal governments which is a united nation of people under laws which it is the general interest to obeys" Standing armies, he says, have been the general rule since the days of Louis XIV, and."Europs has presented the appearance of a frigtful barracks Men did not live in a state~Of peaec, but of truce; for‘the great policy of nations was to be prepared ior war, that state which is a disgrace to rational ¥beingss*;;Frend§hcpee that "the sovereigns will learn to make passe, internal sndierternal§§the end of their governments" In August 1815 he writes that “the capital is in the pessessien sf Prussians, Russians, Austrians, Germans and Englishs The Emperers and the King hold their ceurt whilst the Thuileries is inhabited by a Bourbon coo It is impossible to pcurtray all the eomplicated herrors that are new taking place in this wretched country; but it is scme satisfaeticn to hear that the English are everywhere acknowledged to be the most generous of its @HQm$3ooo" "The Bourbons were brought back by the bayonets of an enemy and it is problematical whether this stay would be secure if these bayonets were withdrawnees" l Space does not permit the inclusion of many interesting passages from the Survey, in which Freud dealt with the question of Africa9 race relationsg home affairsg the struggle for independence in Latin.Amerieao One remark relating to the latter is so topical as to be irresistibles referring to Brazil and Mexico, both fighting foreign oppressors, Frend notes that "the _ Americans are very busy in supplying the contending parties with arms and ammunitione" (September 1815) His words about Africa also have a topical rings fulminating against the slate trade, in January 1815, he wrote "coo it has been argued that nature designed them (the Blacks) to be slaves to the whites coo that their minds are low and groyelling and their bodies to be inured to labour only under the lash of the taskmastere" How, asks Frendg "could it be otherwise, when.all the avenues to knowledge were shut up to them, all the rewards of individual exertion denied to them? The experience of the last ten years is worth more than folios of controversys 'We have seen the Blacks in a different situations They have broken their ohainso They have asserted their rightse They have indeed committed murders and massacres; but in these acts .66 they have only followed at a humble distance the example of their White and mere civilised brethren." "We may anticipate researches in science? and productions-of literature from our hitherto degraded brethren, that shall vie with the files of those who have hitherto vainly conceived that they were entitled to as manifest superierity over the Africans as the Greeks claimed ever the barbarianss 'Who knows indeedg whether Enland herself may not sink te a state as base as that of Greece today9 when in future black universities the tables may be turned and.the White become the degraded ~ 81! colnuri. y < ' 1 Frend continued to write his Survey for several more years, maintaining his rational and progressive attitude to social and economic questionss V , . ‘ Page Twenty Three When illehealth forced him to retire, he gave up his regular article, but he oontinned to write letters which show his continuing interest in onrrent affairs; in a correspondence with Lady Byron lasting over twenty years, he I dealt with postewar problems, riots; Reform (at 75 he addressed a London meeting 2,000 strong on the eve of the First Reform.Bill}, Robert Oweng lmalthus, education, railways, and the wonders of modern eoienoeo In old age he joined all manner of Societies e Statistioal, Mathematical, Aetnonomio, the British Association ~ and attended most of their meetings, hesidee those of various Unitarian hodiee which he oonsidered a firet duty? and of University College, London, which he had a hand in fonndinge He was enthusiastic about new dieooveriee and inventions? from the piping of gae for domestic lighting, to the "steam printing maohine"e "we esteem the author of the invention higher than all the generals of the age"; he exalted over the new technological advances in letter aften lettere Hie belief in scientific progress went ~ curious as it may seem to ne ~ with deep religious convictions. At the age of 82 he wrote to Annabella Byron: "I am near the end of my journeyt I have seen enough to oonvinoe me that the whole system of human affairs is under the contronl of a wise & good being, and that this whole will manifest his wisdom coo Men will run to & from, & knowledge shall be increased. "How far the meral state of the world will be improved we oannot say but we have evey reaeon to believe that the one will aooompany the other.