5‘: T g '* I ". K .5 “*3. 3:’ ’-. ’-‘‘n:’{ »= Z.-*1/F’? E/\/\~»»f‘ 5"“. 'i2'L["’h"‘£’\ V»; =f;‘.:"~mv" ,i:;,f’: 31,-5.4 /- .4» %a}~a.z3,«?'*3_-{£2 9 7 172%. firixfi 74x % Mmu £500 pct 5:, /’:Le.4-1__,«3.e{/Lr\—£?‘/ “;7”‘5’:} :- S4;-;,M_{,g CF} héffizfv-3-« 2¢,!"2»v1%x:2¥.vI2..g 577$ 5 __ _ _ __ —— * ' __/___r _ —-—— »_;._. ~_—_.—:J'—_*‘_) {—...g_—._ “ Gilles A.D. B. ‘Very irritable’ and with an almost un- governable temper when excited or pro- voked, his failure as an oflicial was offset by his success in business. From the begin- n’iugL«his interests were many and varied, including land, stock, money-lending and general trading. His ventures in land were among the most extensive in the province and included town acres in Adelaide (the largest holder in 1337) and Port Lincoln, sections in the suburbs and country, and a special survey of 4000 acres on the Murray River. Profiting by his experience in Germany he was an early importer of sheep from Van Diemen’s Land and sheep and rams from Saxony. In 1839 he dis- covered silver-lead on his property at Glen Osmond, which yielded him substantial royalties until the mine was worked out. In all his business he had close Connexions with Oakden and his brother Lewis. Despite his temper, the dominant factors in his private life were his strong religious beliefs and generosity. Soon after arrival he helped the colonial chaplain, Rev. C. B. Howard [q.v.], to drag a handcart under a blazing sun from Holdfast Bay to Adelaide. There they draped a sail over a branch and — held the first oflicial service in Adelaide; when Trinity Church was built on the site . Gilles ins an active t:rustee and a generous supporter. He gave land and materials for St Saiioufs, Glen Osmond, as well as en- dowing its incumbent. He also gave read aid to many other churchs of various enominations, and to many cultural societies and charitable in- stitutiom: Fluent in French and German he took a special interest in immigrant welfare, and in 1852 gave land in Adelaide for a Gaman hospital. The annual gather- ings of the German Rifle Club were held on his property. - He died at his home, Woodley, Glen Osmond, on 25 September 1866. As well as tablets in many churches, several streets and disuicts in Adelaide bear his name. G. H. lose, The Church of England in South Australia l836-I856 (Adel, 1937); D. Pike, Prradise of Dissent (Melb, 1957); A. A. Lendon, ‘Kent V. Torrens’, PRGSSA 27 (1925- 26); Sorzthcm Australian, 30 Ian, 6 Feb, 20 Mar l839; Register (Adel), 7.9 lune, 7.4, 31 Aug. 26 Oct 1839. 30 Jan 1347; Knox and i: ave papers (SAA); Dispatches, Hind- to Glenelg, l, 3 May lS33, Gawler to . 3, 23 Apr lS39. 27 lune, 18 Oct 1539 )- G. ‘JV, Srurs (l7f’l"§. S‘? (}'E<“r“1Cl? (17 ., . . E, .. .-‘_ ‘I ‘iii’, "-‘" .1». '31-! ’ ‘"), soldier Brounhton [q.v.] and at the R0 al Militar Academ , \Voolwich. Gipp tl1€ Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant in Ianuary IS 09, was wounded at the siege of Badaoz in March 1812, continued service in the Peninsular campaigns and was promoted captain in September 1814. He was with \Vellington’s army from November l8l4 to Iuly 1817 but missed Waterloo because he was pre arin fortifications at Ostend. After some years at Chatliam he was sent to the West Indies, where he showed much administrative ability. His reports to the Colonial Oflice so impressed the ministry that he was appointed to two commissions of inquiry into the boundaries of elector- ates in England and Ireland. In 1 0 he married igg e , aughter of aje'=-~i General George Ramsay. In l834 he becar"‘ ‘- miyatLse§1 a to Lord Auckland, first lord of the Admiralty, and then spent two years with the Gosford commission in Canada. Gipps’s able’memoranda in the Gosford report published by the House of Commons reveal him as a Wl1_i , liberal and 'ust towards the French Canadian? He was knighted, promoted mayor, and ap- pointed governor of New So'i'ith Wales on E October -1837. With his wife and son e arridn Sydney on 24 Februg 1838. His - - years as overnor were very significant and deman ed all his adminis- trative skill. His duties as governor were difficult, challenging, and so_i_i1etimes un- pleasant. HeThad to serve two masters, Crown and colony. With slow and un- certain communications between Sydney and Whitehall he often had to act more independently than his instructions per- mitted, and at times he had to defy both Whitehall and the colonists. THE secre- taries of state to whom.he was responsible hgdf tl:I.dGll,Lor._ c an e requen Y Iohtrilr Rugifilg Lorfkue Normanby, Lord __ Stariley, and W. E. Gladstone, although the permanence of Times Stephen as under—secretary helped to maintain a con- sistent policy. Gipps treated the Colonial Oflice with marked respect, and his dispatches are models of their kind. His personal philos- ophy was expressed to La Trobe privately but firmly: ‘M whole ofiicial experience teaches _II_1§ t at in owning Stfeet at least the Governor who kee S fi1§go\‘ern- ment oiit of debt is the Best’. He applle the same philosophy to his dealing will the ifxt-(iiti\‘e and legislative Councils, in \‘»'l1‘i('l1 he was loyally supported by l_1lS scni-..r :i:'_‘7:‘:=i‘s, pa. ' larly by the colom-7] :on At first he ‘ :‘_«'-sis xuitli the legis- "ll ! -u /llt 5./\ ea -"If r’,== /7; 3,‘; 5 Vb I 1788-1850 I 7 I446. , “ Gipps unanci ist, and self-interested. The begin- ring 0 transition to representative govern- ment, however, provided unusual opportu- rities for differences of opinion, and the )01ltlC3l. atmosphere became charged with xcessive bitterness. An im erial Act of I842 added to the egislative Council a two-thirds proportion f members elected on a franchise high nough to exclude two-thirds of adult male oters. When the new council met in tugust 1843, most of the twenty-four new eats had been won by the graziers and heir friends. They combined with some of he wealthy nominees to swam the few rembers who urged further re orms. The ouncil persistently opposed Gipps, but his :ater.““‘,‘s in defence were masterly and )rth1-19.41:. Gip s himself was a brilliant aeaker but, aced b such orators as V. C. Wentworth, Ro ert Lowe and I. D. ang [qq.v.], he felt that the council zlked too much, worked too little, and was rft too often without a quorum through rasonal occupations. In November 1843 e commented sadly to La Trobe: ‘There re about f_i;_\_z§e’_qr_§i_x men in the council 'ho are personally my enemies . . . for no ztter reason that I am aware of, than be- H156 they were not received as dinner rests at Government House’. Went- orth’s enmity, however, was more seri- 15; it went back to 1840 when his scheme v purchase most of New Zealand’s South land for a song was blocked by Gipps ho reported to the Colonial Oflice: ‘If I the jobs which have been done since re days of Sir Robert Walpole were col- cted into one job, they would not make big a job as the one Mr Wentworth ks me to lend a hand in perpetrating; ‘.6 job, that is to say, of making to him a ant ‘¢.t\v_e_rLt_)r million acres at the rate orl;fi-Ilrogand/_ gcres _f_'g)_';,_a__‘farthing'. 'entwort never forgive him and never issed an op ortunity from then on to eak against In governing New South Wales Gipps Id many problems with the settlers in the nrt Phillip District until October 1839 hen La Trobe became its superintendent. ie close, cordial, personal relation that velopc-d between the two men is revealed their private correspondence, of which are 393 letters by Gipps and 21 by La obe ggniain. The \I’_Qrr PhillIf2lsettle1's’ sturdy economic .t bred a spirit of almr=.t ago- Cdence; the label of 'sou;Ziern . , - runinded them too much -of gov- : t .-"orn Sydney. lliey \lt.‘T’.I‘l1lC(l. lo *2 >4 4 '-‘1. ‘-‘.'l1lCl1 Cipps had ;:-rc..IT.vxt«l '13 ..., ‘,1. ,, . . administration. The imperial Act of 1342 gave only six seats to Port Phillip and granted no separate colonial status. Time and expense prevented local residents from travelling 600 miles to Sydney to attend Legislative Council meetings, and denied the district proper representation. Another reason why Port Phillip demanded separa- tion was the convict problem. The district had received very few convicts after its settlement and, wanting no more in any form, strongly resisted the sending of ‘1e8x“il‘es’ under the Pentonville system in The great issue tgf the dabolition of extihal transportation con ronte lpps mm c moment he landed in Sydney. In 1838 the Molesworth committee had recommended abolition to the House of Commons; in Sydney some denounced the proposal be- cause convicts, through the assignment system, provided landowners with essential labour. In 1840 an Order in Council halted the flow of convicts to New South Wales while continuing to send them to Norfolk Island,_which was under Gipps’s jurisdic- tion, and to Van Diemen’s Land. Indeed, the Colonial Office had already permitted an experiment in penal reform to be intro- duced on Norfolk Island by Captain Alex- ander Maconochie [q.v.]. Gipps approved Maconochie’s appoint- ment and was determined to support him, but for years he did not appreciate Macon- ochie’s reforms in penology. Maconochie’s theories and practices were far ahead of their time, es ecially his central idea that pun_ishment‘slElould be the instrigrient, not the aim, of pena po icy. Fle was certain that coercion alone did nothing but harden and degrade and that sentence for a fixed and irreducible time was the prisoner's worst enemy. Instead he proposed that labour and good conduct should be awarded marks or points and that the accumulation of so many thousand marks should win the convict his freedom. Maconochie reached Norfolk Island in March 1840, where he introduced his mark system to those felons recently sent direct from England. Because the island was so small he wanted the old convicts from New South Wales, who were doubl convicted, to be absorbed into the mar system, but Gipps refused to allow this on legal grounds. To Maconochie the decision dimmed the prospects of a successful ex- periment. More crucial was the uncer- t..inty that the value of ;\la.«:-o:‘.r3cliie's migzht be COlllll‘i1lCxl or "mu -* -.:-ss by :1 Ll‘.=.lSl:’.1 of the Ca .v\ /‘ Gipps fluence the fulfilment of his sentence. Maconochie, and Gipps too, pressed for resolution of this uncertainty, and the Colonial Office finally decided against Maconochie. This decision was reached before Gipps paid a long-awaited visit to Norfolk Island in March 1843. Though his arrival was a surprise, Gi1')'ps was much impressed by finding everything in good order. On 1 April 1843 he penned one of his longest dispatches; the subject was confined to Norfolk Island and the tone clearly favoured Maconochie. Always scrupulously fair, Gipps was careful to admit the success of part of the system, while finding sen- sible and adequate reasons for the failure of other parts. He asked that Maconochie’s experience should not be ‘wholly thrown away . . . Captain Maconochie desires very anxiously that I should certify that his system has not had a fair trial: but I go further than this, and am willing to certify that his system . . . has never been tried at all’. Maconochie was, however, removed by the British government and left the island in February 1844. The third great issue facing New South Wales w3s the demand b the s uatt rs fo securit of tenure. fiy the time Gipps reached the colony its economy was riding on the sheep’s back. Graziers were squat- ting both within and without the boun- daries of location. As early as 1840 Gip s wrote resignedly: ‘As well might it he attempted to confine the Arabs of the desert within a circle, traced upon their sands, as to confine the graziers or wool- growers of New South Wales within any bounds that can possibly be assigned to them’. The battle lines were clearly drawn and the positions defined early in Gipps’s administration. On the Gosford commission he had supported the control of crown lands by the imperial parliament; now he believed that the surrender of that power to the Legislative Council in Sydney would place the property of ‘all the subjects of the Empire’ at the disposal of a group that did not even represent the people of New South Wales. He expressed these views in more than one dispatch, but nowhere more clearly and concisely than to Stanley on l8 April 1843: ‘The lands are the un- questionable property of the Crown, and they are held in trust by the government for the benefit of the people of the whole British Empire. The Crown has not simply the right of a lamllord over them, but e2<€1'C‘l reaich Wfisetiemporfi eyebrows aéeharrelsting, thhe facile inglligeng u wig eic ar t q.v. , pus nort shrewd an an some, t e c in In an and wst in 1844 and successfully travelled decisive. The perceptive Lady Franklin overland to Port Essington. Sir Thomas [q.v.], on a visit to Sydney in 1839, des- l\/blitchell set oufi in l18f45fto find a practic- cribed him as somkewhat pepiegr, straight- a e route to t e Cu 0 Carpentaria. He forward and fran when as e questions diSCO\’-‘Jed the Victoria River, (B-'=l1'C00), but asking none himself. She also noted and returned after Gipps had left the that he was good-hearted, laughed little colony. Angus McMillan [q.v.] made and was utterly devoted to his wife. He several expeditions into the rugged ter- was regular in his devotions in the rain of the sou(til_i-east corner of Australia Anglican church, though he admitted tgt w iic e name Gmpsland. Bishop Brougliton’s sermons were too mu'cn rang out isl administratioii the newzg for him, ar%(fil thlati he ocgupieg his thoughts papers of the co ony constanty attacke with his 0 cia ispatc es. ipps was cer- Gipps. After a brief honeymoon, the tainly governed by high rinciples, a editorials soon hardened into a hostile strong sense of justice, and unostentatious mould; only rarely was he praised. Nearly generosity. He was blessed with a logical all the papers regretted the loss of his mind and had a sharply analytical bent, skill and brilliance in debate, when he a sense of detail, and unimpeachable moral could no longer participate in the council’s character. Like many very intelligent meetings after 1842, but nearly all the people, he was impatient and somewhat editors supported the council's struggle for irascible. His private letters to La Trobe fiscal control of the colony. They painted reveal a whimsical sense of humour, quite Gipps as a creature of the Crown, op osed absent from his ofiicial letters, and a deep to colonial inteiiests. T1l‘lC)"1pIl‘CSC‘I1tC I ’(%lll3llt}'1Of \\"Zl1‘II% land hloyiall friegilship. squat:ing striigge in tiis ig it. By iey a so rcvea iis ea ti pro ems: they were sympathetic and concerned with headaches, sick spells, malaria, and finally Gipps: ill health, but otherwise continued a heart condition. Above all, he_was I1 their ii0stilitj.' and often focused on the prodigious '.'.'orl»:cr. This propensity ‘fol’ gc-\'e1'::cr's personal vncakncsses. A few piitting ti‘:-r.:tii.:’.oiis l7ll.‘O1I1'lf}tO everytllmg -:52 1788-1850' Gisborne helped to make him an able administrator. .—_m_ ‘ * Resigning after two years through ill It is revealed in the terse and practical health he accepted an invitation to become minutes he wrote on the local colonial Bourke’s private secretary, because he ‘did secretary papers, now in the Mitchell not think it proper to refuse’. When Library, every one of which he read with Bourke left the colony in October 1837 scrupulous care. His acquaintance with the Gisborne was appointed police magistrate machinery of government was unusual. He ' ' was not afraid to criticize, to use his authority, or to make decisions. He clearly discerned the colony's potentialities, yet understood what could and could not be achieved. He was personally acquainted with many of the officials in the colony. He was always eflicient, and he wanted dis orders carried out promptly. Gipps rated delay. Above all, he coupled his imazing command of detail with a wider )6l'Sp€CtlV8 of viewing policy as a whole. He :ept in mind over-all objectives and could isierf 3 his government’s long-range olicy'." A final facet of his administrative ility was his capacity for gathering able rbordinates around him, and for winning ieir loyal support. On Australia’s roll of Jvernors his name must rank high. HRA (I), 19-25; S. H. Roberts, The squat- ig age in Australia, 1835-1847 (Melb, 1935); K. Barker, e govemorship of Sir George pps’, IRAHS, 16 (1930). Pt: 3 8: 4; S. . :Culloch, ‘Sir George Gipps and Capt Alex- der Maconochie’, Hist Studies, no 28, May $7; S. C. McCulloch, ‘James Stephen and : problems of NSW’, Pacific Hist Review, (1957), no 4; S. C. McCulloch, ‘Unguarded ments . . . the Gipps-La Trobe private respondence’, Hist Studies, no 33, Nov 9; S. C. McCulloch. ‘Attempt to establish iational system of education in NSW, D-I850’, Pacific Hist Review, 28 (1959), no i. C. McCulloch, ‘Sir George Gipps and em Australia’s policy toward the Abo- ae’, I of Modern Hist, 33 (1961), no 3; iarrett, ‘The Gipps—Broughton alliance, ’, Hist Studies, no 41, Nov 1963; B. ter, ‘Support for the squatters, 1844’, in} 51 (1965), SMH, 2 Sept 1839; NZ _,,.1840, 64-78 (ML); Gipps«I.a Trobe cor- mdence, H7205, H7220, H7352, H7363 CO 201/309/63. SAMUEL CLYDE MCCULLOCH Bathurst to the western plains. Later, at an ofiicial inquiry into the rivalry between settlers and missionaries at Wellington, Gisborne’s evidence showed him a clear thinker and a fluent speaker. In l839 Gisborne was appointed com- Phillip District. In August he began his ride from Sydney to Melbourne with troopers, servants, government horses and forty mares for sale in Melbourne. In September 1839 the cavalcade reached e ourne. Gisborne was the sole commissioner and his district was enormous for one man: his duties involved long rides and much camping out, conditions he liked, thinking them good for his health. Between ex- cursions he took a leading part in vari- ous activities of the growing town of Melbourne. He was a founder of the Mechanics’ Institute, now the Athenaeum Library, and of the Pastoral and Agricul- tural Society. An accomplished horseman, he took part in race-meetings and in the decision to transfer them from Batman’s Count Strzelecki [q.v.] Gisborne wrote the first published report of the excplorefs Gippsland journey and defende him ardently against claims that Angus McMil- liarn [q.v.] had discovered that country st. Before sending Gisborne to Port Phillip, Governor Gipps had ‘thought him an active and intelligent fellow’, but he became vexed by Gisborne’s sociableness. La Trobe was bidden to give Gisborne a hint that ‘it brings discredit on the Government to see is name figuring in the newspapers as a Steward at Races and at Balls when he ought to be otherwise employed’ and that he might be replaced. La Trobe is unlikely to have conveyed the hint: when the governors letter came, Gisborne was very ill. In May 1840 he resigned and became SBORNE, HENRY -FYSHE (1813-1841), c servant, was born on I October the second son of Thomas Gisborne dge Hall, Chapelen—le—Frith, a Whig for Stafford, England, and country support for a petition for the separation :man with business interests in of Port Phillip from New South \Vales. hester, and his first wife Elizabeth He drafted the petition, and at the public e, née Palmer. meeting on 13 June made what the Port borne was at Harrow School (l826- Phillip Herald called ‘the speech of the nd at Eton (1829-31; he entered day’, before his voice failed. Later that 3' College, Cambridge, in 1831 and month he left Melbourne for Sydney ithout a degree. Arriving in Sydney where, before sailing for England, he inter- 34 he was appointed by Governor ; viewed Gipps about the petition. \‘7hen 3 third police magistrate next year. i his ship reached India he di.