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Vow K0»-f 1,15/at

A HISTORY OF KENT

and other female appurtenances. The only piece of jewellery was a
blue glass pendant set in silver.

The next site to be noticed lies immediately west of the Roman
road between Canterbury and Dover, but still in the same neighbour-
hood as the preceding. Mr. Thos. Wright described the exploration
during 184.4 of a number of barrows in Bourne Park (Bishopsbourne).‘
The operations were conducted in the presence of Lord Albert Conyng-
barn, in whose park the barrows were situated; Sir Henry Dryden,
Mr. Roach Smith, and the narrator, so that there is every reason to
suppose that the greatest care was taken in the excavation. A large
barrow proved to have been previously rifled, but unmistakable signs of
an Anglo-Saxon interment were noticed, and in the four upper corners
of the grave, which measured about 14. feet in length, 6 or 7
feet in breadth, and more than 8 feet in depth, there was a small
excavation in the chalk filled with the skulls and bones of mice, mingled
with remains of seed. The same deposits appeared in several barrows
there and on the Breach Downs.

The second grave-mound was smaller and adjoined the last, scarcely
rising above the surface. The body was almost entirely decayed, but
seemed to have been placed in a wooden coffin. Near where the right
foot must have lain were fragments of small hoops imbedded in wood,
evidently the remains of a bucket of the usual type.

The third burial proved similar to the first, the grave being of
almost the same dimensions, but the small holes at the corners, which
contained bones of mice, being at the sides instead of at the ends.2 At
the foot in the right—hand corner had stood a hooped bucket measuring
I foot both in height and in diameter at the base, but tapering upwards.
Beside the right leg were found a shield-boss, a horse’s bridle-bit, and a
buckle, all of iron; while on the right of the head, placed upright
a ainst the wall of the grave, was a thin bronze bowl richly gilt, with
two drop-handles of iron, ofa not unusual type in Kentish burials. The

. only other articles found in this grave were two discs nearly 1 inch in

diameter, convex at the top, one being of bone, the other of the red
Gaulish ware improperly called ‘Samian.’ These were probably
counters or draughtsmen used in some game, and may be compared
with those found at Sarre(p. 359) and elsewhere. No trace of the body
could be discerned, and from the absence of the typical sword and
knife, it was surmised that this was merely a Cenotaph and that the
body had been buried elsewhere.

The barrows opened on this occasion all contained graves cut ap-
proximately north and south, the head towards the south, and it was
observed that almost all graves at Bourne and on Breach Downs had
large flints at the sides and both ends, possibly used to fix a covering
over the body before the grave was filled in.3 Two other grave-mounds,

1 The barrows examined here by Faussett in 1771 (Ina. Sap. pp. 95-100) were of much earlier
date.
9 Plan in /Ircb. 7014771. i. 25.1., fig. 2. 3 lbid. i. 380.

344


ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

on the south side of the park, were opened during the Congress of the
British Archaeological Association‘ in the same year, and found to
contain burials with the head at the west end of the grave, which had
been lined with planks. With a woman had been buried a casket, beads,
coins called sceattas, a glass cup with applied threads, and a pottery vase
5 in. high at the feet ; but the other mound, raised over a warrior, was
practically unproductive.

A little southward, on the same side of the Roman road,
as many as 308 graves were opened by Bryan Faussett’ on Kingston
Down between 1767 and 1773. All but forty-five were marked by
small mounds of hemispherical form irregularly placed and fairly close
to one another on the north—west slope of a hill overlooking the village
of Kingston. In 174.9 and 1753 a certain number of burials with feet
to the north had been found by workmen in digging chalk within a
wood and a few relics recovered. Systematic excavation however
showed that this orientation was exceptional, as 294 of the total
recorded in the Im2e2ztorz'z/772 had the head at the west end of the grave.
Remains ofa wooden coflin were noticed in 183 cases, and of these
ninety—seven showed traces of fire, the timber, which was in some cases
3 inches thick, having been burnt to a certain degree (explains the
excavator) to make it more durable. In the fourteen irregular burials
there was a tendency for the feet to point northwards, while in one case
the head was at the east end. In one of these cases the coflin had been
burnt, but in eight others no timber could be traced ; and in the whole
cemetery there were about IOO graves without coflins or any but the
slightest furniture. Previous cremated burials had been disturbed in
three cases ; and the bones, collected in the original urn, were carefully
placed outside the coffin at the ‘feet of the interred : in one case the urn
was of coarse red earth and seems from the illustration” to belong to a
Kentish type of the Bronze Age, as from Highstead, Chislet (British
Museum).

Another unexpected ceramic type occurred in the grave of a male
near the head, and the illustration‘ shows it to be a so—cal1ed ‘ Samian ’
bowl made in the second century, probably in S. France, and stamped
with the name of the potter, Caius (OF. CAII). An Anglo-Saxon vase,
usually of small dimensions and of rude black ware, appeared at the feet
in seven graves; but these must not be confounded with the earlier
cinerary urns, nor with the bottle-shaped vases of buff ware in some of
the richer graves elsewhere and at the head of one woman’s grave at
Kingston. In four graves of women wooden coffers had been placed at
the feet, and in two cases at the head ; while in the somewhat richly
furnished tomb ofa warrior, a bronze bowl lay at the feet. Both the
form of this Vessel and the design of the four circular mounts“ (one under
the base, the others below the rim to attach chains for suspension)
betray Late Celtic influence, and fall into line with enamelled bowls

1 Canterbury vol. (1844), pp. 96-106: vase figured. ’ I71!/. Sap. pp. 35-94,.
3 Irw. Sap. p. 66. 4 Ibid. p. 74.. 5 Ibid. pl. xvi. figs. 5, 53.
I 345 44


 

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Luv. eemczwle c4.c.r2. g;;;ee, $55

KINGSTON DOWN. . 95

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG IIP IN THE PARISH OF ,
BISHOP’S-BOURNE, IN THE COUNTY OF KENT,
IN THE YEAR 1771.

 

ON the right hand side of the military Roman roadwhich leads from the top of
Bridge Hill, in a straight line from north-west to south-east over Barham Down
towards Dover, and between the said military Roman road and the hedge which
parts Mr. Beckingham’s paddock from the Down land (the distance between the said
military road and hedge not exceeding thirty feet), and just at the corner of another
road, which, crossing the said military Roman road at right angles, leads down to
the adjacent Village and church of Bishop’s-Bourne, stand nine very fair, though
small, tumuli sepulchrales of the ancients, in a line parallel to the said military
road.‘ I had often cast a wishful look at them, and from time to time had promised

1 [The site of these researches of Mr. Faussett is
Bourne Park, now the seat of Mr. Bell, and formerly
that of Lord Albert Conyngham. It is well known
to the numerous attendants at the first congress of
the British Archaeological Association at Canterbury,
on which occasion, and previously, Lord Albert
Conyngham directed several of the barrows to be
excavated. The following report, by Mr. VVright,
taken from the first volume of the A7-ckzeological
Journal, pp. 253-6, is here introduced, as affording
some interesting additional information.

“ Thelhills running to the south of Bourne Park
are covered with low barrows, which from their shape
and contents, and a comparison with those found in
other parts of Kent, appear to be the graves of the
earlier Saxon settlers in this district. The barrows
within the park, on the top of the hill in front of
the house, were opened on \Vednesday the 24th of
June, in presence of Lord Albert Conyngham, Sir
Henry Dryden, Mr. Roach Smith, and myself. Se-
veral of them had been previously opened by his
lordship, but the only article found in them was one
boss of a shield; it would appear as though the na-
ture of the soil (chalk) had here entirely destroyed
the deposit.

“ VVe first opened a large barrow, which appeared

to have been rifled at some former period. Here,

as in all Saxon barrows, the deposit is not in the
mound itself, but in a rectangular grave dug into
the chalk. At the top of the grave were found two
portions of bones of the leg, and at the bottom a
fragment of a skull (in the place where the head
must originally have been placed), some teeth (which
were at the foot of the grave), some other fragments
of bones, a small piece of the blade of a sword, and
an iron hook exactly resembling those on the lower
rim of the bracket described below. At each of the
four upper corners of the grave, was a small exca-
vation in the chalk, which was filled with the skulls
and bones of mice, with the remains of seed, etc.,
which had served them for food, mixed with a quan-
tity of fine mould, apparently the remains of some
decomposed substance. From the condition of the
bones and seed, they would appear to be much more
modern than the original deposit; but it is a re-
markable circumstance that the same articles are
found in so many of the barrows here and on the
Breach Downs. The grave itself was of large di-

mensions, being about fourteen feet long, between
six and seven broad, and somewhat more than three
in depth, independent of the superincumbent mound.

“The next barrow opened was a smaller one,
adjacent to the former, of which the elevation was
so small as to be scarcely distinguishable from the

 


96 INVENTORIUM » SEPULCHRALE.

myself the future pleasure of examining. their contents.

But, on account of the

smallness of their size and number, and their proximity to so public a road (by

surrounding ground. The grave was filled, like No.

1, with the chalk which had been dug out of the ‘

original excavation. The body, which was perhaps

that of a female, and the various articles which it ,
had once contained, were entirely decomposed. A I
small mass of dark-coloured earth a little above the '
shoulder, apparently decomposed wood, seemed to _
The bones were 

be the remains of a small box.
distinctly traced by the colour of the earth, a small

fragment of the skull being all that remained entire; __

and from the quantity of black mould which occu-
pied the place of the body, resembling that which
in other places was found to have resulted from the
decomposition of wood, we may be led to sup-
pose that the body was placed in a wooden chest.

Another large quantity of similar black mould lay '

together in an elongated form on the left side of the
body towards the foot of the grave. In the corner
to the right of the feet were found some fragments
of small hoops imbedded in wood.

“ This small barrow lay on the east side of the
one first opened. The last barrow opened was a
large one to the west of the first barrow. In this
last barrow we again found the small holes at the
corners of the grave, but they were turned towards
the sides instead of being turned towards the ends ;
and they also contained bones of mice. This grave
was nearly as long as the first, about a foot deeper,
and rather broader in proportion to its length. The
floor was very smoothly cut in the chalk, and was
surrounded by a narrow gutter, which was not ob-
served in-the others. It was not filled with the
chalky soil of the spot, but with fine mould brought
from a distance, and this was probably the cause of
the better preservation of the articles contained in
it. The second figure, which is a plan of this grave,
will show the position in which these articles were
found. At the foot of the grave, in the right-hand
corner, had stood a bucket, of which the hoops (in
perfect preservation) occupied their position one
above another,,as if the wood had been there to
support them. This bucket appeared to have been
about a foot high; the lower hoop was a foot in
diameter, and the upper hoop exactly ten inches.
A somewhat similar bucket is represented in one of
the plates of Douglas’s Nenia. The hooked feet

appear to have been intended to support the wood,

. part of the horse’s bridle, or of a belt.
. hand side of the grave was found a small piece of

and prevent its slipping in the bucket. From the
similar hook found in the grave No. 1, and the frag-
ments of hoops in the smaller grave, I am inclined
to think that similar buckets were originally placed
in both. A little higher up in the grave, in the po-
sition generally occupied by the right leg of the
person buried, was found a considerable heap of
fragments of iron, among which were a boss of a
shield of the usual Saxon form, a horse’s bit (which
appears to be an article of very unusual occurrence),
a buckle, and other things which appear to have
belonged to the shield, a number of nails with large
ornamental heads, with smaller nails, the latter
mostly of brass. From the position of the boss, it
appeared that the shield had been placed with the
convex (or outer) surface downwards. Not far from
these articles, at the side of the grave, was found
a fragment of iron, consisting of a larger ring, with
two smaller ones attached to it, which was either
On the left-

iron which resembled the point of some weapon.
At the head of the grave, on the right-hand side,
we found an elegantly shaped bowl, about a foot in
diameter, and two inches and half deep, of very thin
copper, which had been thickly gilt, and with handles
of iron. It had been placed on its edge, leaning
against the wall of the grave, and was much broken
by the weight of the superincumbent earth. The
only other articles found in this grave were two
small round discs resembling counters, about seven-
eighths of an inch in diameter, flat on one side, and
convex on the other, the use of which it is impos--
sible to conjecture, unless they were employed in
some game. One was made of bone, the other had
been cut out of a piece of Samian ware. The most
singular circumstance connected with this grave was,
that there were not the slightest traces of any body
having been deposited in it; in fact, the appear-
ances were decisive to the contrary ; the only ways
in which we could explain this were, either that the
body had been burnt, and the ashes deposited in an
urn concealed somewhere in the circuit of the grave
(which is not probable), or that the person to whom
the grave was dedicated had been a chief killed in
battle in some distant expedition, and that his friends
had not been able to obtain his body. This view

 


BISHOPSBOURNE. 97

means of which last circumstance I knew myself liable to be pestered with a
numerous set of troublesome spectators), I did not set about opening them till the
16th of July, 1771 ; on the morning of which day, arriving at this spot in my Way
to Kingston Down (see p. 52) rather earlier than usual, and being provided with
plenty of labourers for that day’s intended work, I thought that a good opportunity
to put my intentions with regard to these so publicly situated tumuli into execution.
So setting ourselves immediately to the business, We finished our work in little more
than two hours ; during which time, it being so early in the day, We had very little
or no interruption, either from the curiosity or impertinence of passengers, or other
idle spectators, the teazingness and plague of Whose ill-timed attendance in business
of this sort, is not to be conceived but by those Who, like myself, have had the
disagreeable experience of it.

Though I cannot boast either of the number or value of the pieces of antiquity
here discovered ; yet, as the few We did find plainly appeared to be the remains of
the same age and people with those heretofore mentioned and described in my
Inventorium Sepulchrale, as I (perhaps vainly) call it, I shall make no scruple of
giving, after my usual manner in these cases, a true account of the contents of each
tumulus, in the order in which I opened them. _

1. Middle-sized tumulus. It contained, at the depth of about two feet under

of the case seems to be supported by the fact, that
although so many valuable articles were found in
the grave, there were no traces of the long sword
and the knife generally found with the bodies of
male adults in the Saxon barrows.

“ The three graves lay very nearly north and
south, the heads towards the south, as was the case
with many of those opened in the last century by
Douglashand described in his Nenia, the variations
being only such as might be expected from the rude
means possessed by the early Saxon invaders for
ascertaining the exact points of the compass. It
may be added, that among the earth with which the
smaller grave was filled, two small fragments of
broken Roman pottery were found, which had pro-
bably been thrown in with the rubbish. It may be
observed, that the different articles found in this, as
in other early Saxon barrows, are of good workman-
ship, and by no means evince a low state of civi-
lisation.”

Two more of these barrows were excavated during
the Congress at Canterbury. In one of them were

found an earthenware urn, in shape like those found
on Kingston Down, in graves Nos. 137 and 205,

but with a different style of ornament, and a glass
cup of the type figs.1 and 2, pl. 19. They are
figured in the Archaeological Album, p. 8, and are
now in the collection of Lord Londesborough.

This cemetery, like that at Gilton, is close to
Roman burial places. About twenty years since, in
digging the high-road above Bourne Park (called,
from the neighbouring village, Bridge Hill), a quan-
tity of Romano-British sepulchral urns were found,
some of which are now in the collection’ of Mr.
Rolfe. More recently, while excavations were being
made in the low ground for a sheet of water, Mr.
Bell discovered several Roman interments, among
which were urns of earthenware, red paterae, and
glass vessels. They appear to have accompanied
the remains of bodies which had been burnt,
although from the unfavourable nature of the soil
most of the urns were broken to pieces. One large
urn, Mr. Bell reports, contained ashes, and was sur-
rounded by several smaller vessels. Contiguous to
these interments were found several skeletons which,
from large and long iron nails lying about them,
had been doubtless buried in thick wooden coffins.
See Collectanea Antigua, vol. iii, p. l9.——ED.]

 


98 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

the natural surface, the skeleton of an elderly person (as appeared by the much-Worn
teeth), lying with the feet due east. Near its right shoulder was a small urn, of
Very coarse and black earth, which was broken in pieces by a stroke from one of the
workmen’s tools. The remains of a thick and burnt cofiin Were very visible. The
bones were very much decayed. _

2. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The remains of an unburnt coflin
were very discernible: the bones almost gone; but the few remaining teeth shewed
they had belonged to an old person. . Near or under the skull was found a very
slender piece of brass wire, about two inches long, which, from the place Where it
lay, I imagine was used as an acus crinalis, or pin for the hair; indeed, it had neither
head nor point; but they might probably have both of them been broken off in
getting it out of the ground, as the whole of it afterwards Very easily fell in pieces
with common handling. I imagine this to have been a woman’s grave.

3. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. N o appearance of any coffin. These
bones, also, though almost gone, seem to have been those of an old person. At the
feet were found some sherds of a larger, and near the right hip, others of a smaller,
urn; both of them of Very coarse black earth; whether these vessels suffered from
the negligence of my workmen, or were broken before, I cannot pretend to say. The
sherds were so rotten when taken out that they would scarce bear handling.

4. This tumulus was rather less than the three before mentioned, and the. grave
was not more than a foot deeper than the natural surface ; it contained the skeleton
of a very young person, whose teeth were not all of them cut. Nothing was found
with it ; neither was there any appearanc of a coffin.

5. This tumulus was of about the middle size. Many loose bones appeared in
different directions as soon as we had taken the turf from its crest; and continued to
be found in much the same manner all the way down to the last interred skeleton,
which was found undisturbed at the depth of about two feet and a half below the
natural surface, laying, like those found under the four already mentioned tumuli,
with its feet pointing to the east ; with the skeleton was found nothing but the iron
blade of a small knife, exactly like many already described. If one may judge from
the number of skulls (or rather parts of them) found here, this tumulus must have
contained the remains of at least six different persons, all of them, it is likely, of the
same family; among them were found several small pieces of broken rusty iron, and
many oyster shells. The entire skeleton appeared Very plainly to have been deposited
in a very thick unburnt coflin.

6. Middle-sized tumulus, and very shallow grave. Bones of a young person
pretty sound. Nothing was found with them; nor was there any appearance of a
coffin. The skull, which was pretty perfect, had a very plain frontal suture.

 


BISHOPSBOURNE. 99

'7. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave was about two feet and a half deeper than
the natural surface. In it we found the remains of two old persons, lying the one on
the other. Nothing was found with them except the blade of a knife, as before; no
appearance of any coffin. I '

8. This tumulus was the largest of them; it was about twenty feet diameter at
the base, though not above four feet in perpendicular height above the natural
surface; the grave was about three feet deep. The bones of the skeleton, which lay
at the bottom of it, were very much decayed ; yet those. of a squirrel, or other small
animal (which were found near the right side of the neck orhead), were surprisingly
strong and firm; and the shell of a remarkably large common" brown snail, which lay
near the little bones, seemed to be as Well preserved as if it had not lain there a
month. There were no visible remains of a coffin.

9. This tumulus was of the middle size, and plainly appeared to have been
already dug into; and, on inquiry, I was informed that about the year 1765 some
labourers employed in Widening the road leading down to Bishopsbourne, before
mentioned (on the south-east corner of which it stands), dug awaya great part of it,
and found some human bones and some pieces of rusty "old iron. I

Besides the tumuli just mentioned, there are also a great many others to be seen
at the distance of about five hundred yards to the north-west of this spot, viz. ; in
the front of the house of Stephen Beckingham, Esq., called Bourne‘-Place, in the
parish ; where, to the number "of at least one hundred, they occupy the Hanging hill,
in that part of the paddock which lies between the rivulet which runs in the bottom,
and the before mentioned hedge, which parts the paddock from the Down land; and
by, and parallel to which hedge, the military Roman road, before described, runs on
towards Dover. Many of them, especially near the road, have large trees growing
on them; but the greatest part of them have been so levelled when this spot was
turned into pleasure ground, or on some other occasion, that they are not very visible
but to a discerning eye. However, so great is their number, that on digging any-
where on this hill to the depth of two or three feet, human bones have been continually
cast up ; so that, when I mention “ one hundred”, I am certain I am much under the
mark. The best way to discover the otherwise almost invisible ones is by placing
one’s head close to the ground and looking against the sun, when it is near the
horizon ; but, wherever any graves are suspected to be, which either on account
of their tumulus having been absolutely taken off, or which, perhaps, never had any
(which I have cause to believe is sometimes the case, particularly with regard to
children’s graves) ; under such circumstances, and in a chalky soil like this, recourse
must be had to the probe, described at page 87 of this volume, an instrument of my
own invention, and to which I am obliged for its sure and never failing guidance to


 

‘  ."..1z.'.‘.—:u;=_: -__-.~ .4, ,-— ,; . ,. .

~ -er

 

100 {NVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

many graves which were absolutely invisible. In short, too much cannot be said in
favour of its usefulness on such occasions, if managed by a person who understands
the use and management of it; indeed, in any other but a chalky soil, I confess it to
be of very little if of any service.

 

Urn and glass cup from a. barrow on Breach Down. See note, p. ‘/9.